1. RCOT Middle East (Southwest Asia)

2. Mesopotamia: Sumer Math system based on number 60
Numbers expressed as fractions/multiples of 60
Mesopotamians=practitioners of astronomy

3. Mesopotamia: Babylon
Founded by Hammurabi (led Amorites in invasion of Akkad)
Law code inscribed on stone pillar

4. Hittites
Late bronze age
Anatolia (Turkey)

5. New Kingdom Egypt Nubia (between Aswan and Khartoum)
Connects Sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa, has Nile river
Kush kingdom: capitals karma one of the earliest urbanized centers in tropical Africa, built monumental wall mud bricks

6. Assyrian Empire 10th century- 7th century BCE
Extend from Iranian Plateau to eastern Mediterranean
Mass deportation because break up rebels, shift human resources to center
Open lands for agriculture, palaces and cities

7. Ancient Israel Hebrew bible Abraham 20th century BCE settled in Israel
Drought: move to Egypt: slavery
Moses: exodus from Egypt: back to Israel

8. Phoenicia Develop Canaanite models: alphabetic system of writing
Phoenician trading network (Mediterranean)
Explore and colonize with Mediterranean, North African coasts and East Spain for raw materials, trading opportunities

9. Persian Empire Socrates, Plato (influential thinkers)
Alexander the great defeated Persian forces
On coast of Mediterranean

10. Conquests of Alexander the Great
Defeated Persian forces in 3 battles
Developed city states: Alexandria in Egypt
Victories in Euagamela

11. Spread of Islam Madras= religious college, cultural unity
Sharia= different meanings
Morocco, Mali (very big empire 11th century)
Slavery allowed
Abbasid caliphate established (after Umayyad Caliphate)
Increase literary works: Golden Age
During Samanids, Lang= Persian written in Arabic letters
Umma- community; acceptance of God
Shiites – Ali rightful successor
Sunnis caliphs to be Imam
Hadith- reports of prophet
Identity based on ethnicity and localism; identity based on religion

12. Abbasid Caliphate Established 750; based in Baghdad
Increase literary works; resulted in Golden Age
Revolts in Caliphate ; weakened central power in Baghdad, prevented tax revenues to boost local prosperity
Abbasid caliphate controlled by Buyid Shiites; Caliph remained
Dynamic growth in outlying provinces while Caliphate had loss of power
Mongols end Abbasid Caliphate in 1258, destroyed mosques, ravaged Baghdad

13. Ottoman Empire Founded in 1300-1922 Hagia Sophia: Mosque after 1453
Suleiman conquered Belgrade and Vienna
Reign of Suleiman= imperial system worked to perfection
Women were active in real estate

14. Safavid Empire
Devoted to Shiite Islam (Caliph should be in Muhammad's bloodline)
Shah Abbas ( )
Isfahan (capital)
Royal mosque (Isfahan) had Arabic calligraphy, minaret
Afghans capture Isfahan, end Safavid rule

15. Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Inherited Anatolia and Balkans
Arab provinces divided between France and Great Britain (many mandates)
Mustafa Kemal modernized Turkey
Women: right to vote no veil
Men: no fez
Arabic alphabet: Latin alphabet

16. Post WWI Mandate System
Colonial rulers would administer the colonies, be responsible to League of Nations for their well being
Class C: treated as colonies by conquerors
Class B: undeveloped, ruled for benefit of inhabitants
Class A: developed, more lenience than other classes
Palestine, Trans Jordan, Iraq= British mandates
France claimed Syria and Lebanon

17. Modern Middle East

18. Six Day War: Arab Israeli Conflict
Balfour Declaration (Jewish home land in Palestine)
Palestinian divided Jewish and Arab state, Jewish (Israel) declare independent
OPEC-oil company: Egyptian attack across Suez Cana;, war in Israel's favor Egyptian army trapped at canal’s Southern end
1974 OPEC quadrupled prices