1. World History: 1750 - Present

2. Africa and the Middle East After WWI

3.  During the early 1900s, almost every part of Africa was a European colony  During World War I (1914-1918), more than 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonial rulers

4.  Many Africans thought their services in WWI would lead to their independence, but it did not  Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule

5.  The best jobs still went to Europeans  Due to the inequality of the imperial system, led by capitalist countries, many Africans turned to socialism

6.  Many laws were passed to ensure white supremacy  Whites, by law, were paid more

7.  Some blacks were forced off their land and forced to live on reservations  In South Africa, like in Kenya, blacks had to carry passes at all times

8.  Blacks were not allowed to be in the streets after dark in parts of South Africa  In one province in South Africa, black land owners had the right to vote. The right was taken away in 1936

9.  Segregation was commonplace  These policies would become even stricter and enforced greatly in 1948, during apartheid

11.  Pan-Africanism became popular  It emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide  One of the most prominent leaders of the movement was Marcus Garvey

12.  Garvey preached “Africa for Africans”  Garvey also demanded the end of colonial rule

13.  W.E.B. DuBois organized the first Pan-African Congress in 1919  The conference took place in Paris, where the Allies were holding the WWI peace conferences

14.  Delegates from African colonies, the West Indies, and the United States called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans  Their demands were ignored

15.  French-speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean began the negritude movement  Writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested French colonial rule  The writers were influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in the United States

16.  Egyptians held protests, strikes, and riots after WWI  In 1922, Britain was forced to grant Egypt its independence  Britain still had a large influence of the Egyptian monarchy

17.  Displeased, many young Egyptians formed the Muslim Brotherhood  The organization fostered Islamic nationalism and rejected Western culture

18. Africa and the Middle East After WWI

19.  The Middle East grew in prominence after WWI  The vehicles of WWI proved that gasoline was the fuel of the future and the Middle East had an abundant supply

20.  The Ottoman Empire was dissolved after WWI  The Ottoman sultan also gave some land to Greece after WWI

21.  Turkish nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal, overthrew the Ottoman sultan and declared Turkey a republic  Kemal defeated the Greeks and negotiated a treaty in which 1.3 million Greeks left Turkey and 400,000 Turks left Greece

22.  Kemal then took the name Ataturk (father of the Turks)  Ataturk moved to westernize Turkey and separate religion from government

23.  Many Turks praised Ataturk for the growth of their country  Islamic hardliners resented his rejection of religion in laws and government

24.  In Persia, Britain and Russia had controlled the shah since the early 20 th Century  Reza Khan led nationalists in an overthrow of the shah

25.  Reza Khan modernized Persia  Like Ataturk, Khan also removed Islamic law from the government  He was condemned by Muslim religious leaders

26.  Arabs were outraged by the European- controlled mandates set up at the Paris Peace Conference  Arabs thought they would get the right to self- rule

27.  Instead, France was given mandates in Syria and Lebanon  Britain was given mandates in Iraq, Iraq, and Trans-Jordan

28.  During WWI, The Allies made two sets of conflicting promises  First, they promised Arabs they would get their own kingdoms, including Palestine

29.  The second occurred in 1917 when the British announced the Balfour Declaration  In it, the British advocated the idea of setting up a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine

30.  From 1919 to 1940, tens of thousands of Jews immigrated to Palestine  At the same time, the Arab population almost doubled

31.  Tensions between Jews and Arabs grew  To this day, Arabs and Jews are fighting over this territory