The Civil Rights Movements Spread Women, Hispanics, and Natives (21.2 and 21.3) You get rights! Everyone Gets Rights!!

 1 st Wave – focused on the right to vote  2 nd Wave – focused on political, social, and economic equality (1960s and 1970s)  3 rd Wave – Feminism can’t be quantified or defined The Women’s Rights Movement

 Betty Friedan  The Feminine Mystique  “Is this all...?”  Educated by economically “useless”  Bored Surviving the Home Life in the 1950s

 National Organization of Women (NOW) founded by Betty Friedan in 1966  Attacked workplace and media stereotypes  Fought for Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)  Fought for abortion and reproductive rights NOW!

 Some found legislation process too slow  Organized protests  Gloria Steinem – founded Ms. Magazine  Wrote expose of Playboy Clubs and the objectification of women Radical Feminism

Gloria Steinem

 Feminists hated being defined by men (in sex, in marriage, in jobs)  Phyllis Schlafly denounce “women’s liberation” as an attack on the home, family, and children A Backlash

 JFK led Commission on the Status of Women (1961) to examine workplace discrimination  No laws existed  Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission  Outlawed discrimination due to sex  Title VII originally put in to stop the act Political Gains of the Movement

 Title IX (1972)  Created mandate for equal funding of women’s sports  Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) (1974)  Illegal to deny credit to a woman because of gender Title IX and Equal Credit Opportunity Act

 Most consequential feminist victory  Allowed for legal abortions  Norma McCorvey (defendant) Roe v Wade (1973)

 P ercentage of women in the workforce  30% in 1950  60% in 2000  “Men’s” fields have opened to women  2004 – 76.5% disparity in pay  The “Glass Ceiling” Economic Gains

Latin and Hispanic Rights

 Massive Deportation in 1950s  1965 – Immigration and Nationality Act erases quotas on immigration  Flood of immigrants  Movement Begins  After WWII, Hector Garcia formed the American GI Forum on Discrimination  1960s and 1970s  Inspired by African Americans, Hispanics unite for equal opportunities in education, jobs, salaries, voting Legacy of the Bracero Program

 Cubans arrive after Cuba goes communist  Dominicans seek asylum from politics  Puerto Ricans legally come for work  Mexicans come for economic opportunity The Cold War, Dictators, and Economics

 1960s: founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFWU) to protect the rights of migrant workers  Organized strike on grapes to get better conditions  1975 – CA gives rights to organize Cesar Chavez

 Celebrated Latino history and culture  La Raza (1968) founded to reduce poverty and improve education  Brown Power  Jose Gutierrez found La Raza Unida for political power The Chicano Movement

Native American Movement

 Traditionally had high rates of poverty, unemployment, and suicide  Targets of discrimination A History of Despair

 1961 – National Indian Youth Council formed  Inspired by African Americans  Limited to fishing rights in the Northwest  Slowly developed to take on civil rights issues Early Activism

 1968 (AIM)  Dennis Banks and George Mitchell found  Addressed urban ghettos, civil and legal rights, autonomy The American Indian Movement (AIM)

 1969 – Trying to secure land rights, AIM occupies Alcatraz Island  100 Indians from 50 tribes held it until 1971 AIM Goes Militant

 Banks and Russell Means organized march from San Francisco to DC in 1972  Briefly seized Bureau of Indian Affairs and renamed it the Native American Embassy The “Long March” to DC

 Building on rise of public interest of 100 th anniversary of massacre  AIM took over village  Demand US gov’t look into poor reservation conditions  2 AIM members killed by US gov’t agents  Gov’t pledges aid Siege at Wounded Knee, 1973

 1975 – Indian Self Determination Act  Gave tribes greater control over resources and education on the reservations  Greater land, mineral, and water rights granted Political Gains of the Movement