1. 1960s Counterculture Movements

2. Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality
What did Latinos campaign for?
How did some Latino individuals and groups go about getting what they wanted?
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these needs?
Improved working conditions and better treatment for farm workers
César Chávez & Dolores Huerta formed United Farm Workers Union
Went on a three-week fast and launched a nationwide boycott of grapes
None
Educational programs for Spanish-speaking students
Various groups fought for classes taught in Spanish, smaller classes, more Chicano teachers and programs to reduce the dropout rate
Students held strikes
Bilingual Education Act
More Political power
The Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) sponsored candidates and registered voters
La Raza Unida sponsored a number of winning candidates

3. Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality
What did Native Americans campaign for?
How did some Native American individuals and groups go about getting what they wanted?
What federal laws (if any) were passed to address these needs?
Healthier, more secure lives of their own choosing
A group of 61 Native Americans organizations drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose
Advocated self-determination, end to the termination program, and policies that would create economic opportunity on reservations
The Indian Education Act
The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
Restoration of Indian lands, burial grounds, fishing and timber rights
Various groups used militant actions to confront the government
The American Indian Movement (AIM) sized and occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. and the town of Wounded Knee
Several groups took land claims to federal court
Alaska Native Lands Claim Settlement

4. Women Fight for Equality
Experiences in the workplace
Experiences in social activism
Widespread wage and job discrimination awakened many women to their inferior social status
Discrimination that women faced within the civil rights and antiwar movements (Vietnam) awakened them to their unequal treatment

5. Women Fight for Equality
“Consciousness raising”
Feminism
Helped women to discover that their personal experiences were part of a larger pattern of discrimination
Provided a theory for the movement
The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

6. Women Fight for Equality
Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Encouraged women to organize and take action
Book which encouraged suburban women to ask themselves “Is this all?”
Gave women legal tools to fight discrimination

7. Women Fight for Equality
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine
Actively pursued the movement’s social and political goals
A journalist, political activist, and ardent supporter of the women’s liberation movement
Magazine that informed women about the women’s movement

8. Women Fight for Equality
Congress
Supreme Court
Banned gender discrimination in educational and other activities supported by federal funds (Title 9)
Expanded the EEOC’s enforcement powers
Gave working parents tax breaks for child-care expenses
In Roe v. Wade, recognized women’s right to have an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy

9. Women Fight for Equality
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this amendment and why?
Who?
Why?
Conservative political and religious groups
Anti-feminists
Phyllis Schafly
The Stop-ERA Campaign
Fears that it would lead to the drafting of women, the end of laws protecting homemakers, and same-sex marriages
Fears about its impact on families
Fear that it would end a husband’s responsibility to provide for his family
“Feminism encourages women to leave their husbands, kill their children, practice witchcraft, destroy capitalism and become lesbians.” – Pat Roberston, TV evangelist and 1988 presidential candidate

11. Culture and Counterculture of the 1960s
Members or participants
Beliefs about American society
Goals for society and themselves
Idealistic or disillusioned young people
White, middle-class youths
Hippies
People experimenting with drugs
Followers of Eastern religions
It had grown hollow, materialistic, cold and cruel
It was best to “tune in, turn on, drop out”
An idyllic setting of peace, love, and harmony – the Age of Aquarius
Greater self-awareness and inner-peace
Living together in communes and renouncing private properties

12. Culture and Counterculture of the 1960s
Movement center
Attitudes and activities
Violent episodes
San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury
Listening to and playing rock ‘n’ roll music
Wearing outrageous clothing
Using drugs
Living in communes
Attending concerts
Casualness and individuality – “do your own thing”
Urban communes became dangerous
Deaths of Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix from drug overdoses