Energy Flow in the Biosphere, Chapter 3-1 & 3-2 http://www.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/~ttavk/weltkarten/globen/1997-1998-biosphere-Nasa.jpg

________ __________  ___________ ATOMS INTEREST GRABBER- THINK BACK TO CHAPTER 7 MOLECULES ORGANELLES ________ __________  ___________ ATOMS IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

____________  ____________  CELLS TISSUES ____________  ____________  Similar cells working together IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

___________  __________ ___________ ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANS ORGANISM ___________  __________ ___________ Different tissues working together Different organs working together IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

___________________________________ ORGANISMS POPULATIONS COMMUNITY ___________________________________ SAME SPECIES LIVING TOGETHER IN AN AREA Ex: “herd” DIFFERENT POPULATIONS LIVING TOGETHER IN AN AREA BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall;2006

_______________________ _____________ ECOSYSTEMS BIOMES BIOSPHERE _______________________ _____________ All the organisms that live in a place together with their NON-living environment Group of ecosystems that have same climate and similar communities The portion of the planet in which all life exists IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide

Organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring = _____________ SPECIES http://suedafrika.net/bluegifs/twooryx.jpg

EX: Horse X donkey = mule http://environnement.ecoles.free.fr/Site-chevaux/images/etalon_quarter_horse_genuine_redskin.jpg http://www.caribbeanart.com/art/j-portrait-donkey.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule EX: Horse X donkey = mule 64 chromosomes 62 chromosomes 63 chromosomes Horses and donkeys are different species. If you breed them, the result is a mule which can NOT have offspring!

The portion of the planet in which all life exists = _________________ The scientific study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment = ______________ The portion of the planet in which all life exists = _________________ (includes land, water, atmosphere) ECOLOGY BIOSPHERE Extends from about 8 km above the Earth’s surface to 11 km below the ocean’s surface http://jaeger.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Images/Topographic/Whole_Earth/Earth_100.jpg

WHAT SHAPES AN ECOSYSTEM? BIOTIC FACTORS __________________ All the living things an organism interacts with All the non-living things that affect an organism Ex: climate, temperature, sunlight soil, humidity, wind ABIOTIC FACTORS Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

HABITAT __________________ = The area where an organism lives A rattlesnake lives in a desert in the American Southwest HABITAT http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/snake/animalwild089-RattleSnake-FaceCloseup.jpg http://www.rvstogophx.com/images/arizona_desert_sm.jpg

NICHE _____________ = place it lives PLUS the _____________ & ______________ interactions it has in that place NICHE includes: Where it lives PLUS . . . What it eats? What eats it? Where in the habitat it lives? In a tree, in a pond, underground Its actions… hibernating, migrating, etc When & how it reproduces? NICHE biotic abiotic

HABITAT vs NICHE? Habitat is like an address organism’s ____________ http://www.electricwomen.com/hunterspoint/images/21-street-sign-moreell.jpg HABITAT vs NICHE? Habitat is like an organism’s ____________ Niche is like an organism’s _Role in the Community address http://resmedicinae.sourceforge.net/logos/doctor.png http://www.michcampgrounds.com/yogibears/yogi-picnic-cartoon.jpg http://www.formaui.org/kamalii/critters.htm

NO TWO SPECIES CAN SHARE THE SAME NICHE ! Competitive exclusion principle = ______________________________ BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

_____________ is the main source of energy for life on Earth. ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY The Earth is SOLAR POWERED! The energy cannot be created or destroyed. It just changes forms. _____________ is the main source of energy for life on Earth. SUNLIGHT http://www.animation-station.com/smileys/index.php?page=17

AUTOTROPHS = PRODUCERS Can make their own food ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY AUTOTROPHS = PRODUCERS Can make their own food PHOTOSYNTHESIS Most autotrophs use _______________ to capture solar energy Main producers on land = green plants In water = algae BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Some autotrophs can make own food in the ____________________ They use energy stored in ________________ of ______________________to produce carbohydrates = ___________________ Ex: Bacteria that live in HOSTILE places Like volcano vents, hot springs, marshes absence of light chemical bonds INORGANIC MOLECULES CHEMOSYNTHESIS BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

HETEROTROPHS = ____________ Get energy from consuming other organisms CONSUMERS HETEROTROPHS = ____________ Get energy from consuming other organisms http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS HERBIVORES ________________ = eat only plants eat only animals eat both plants & animals CARNIVORES OMNIVORES http://gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/natural-science/_more2003/_more09/elephant-eating-greenery-in-Addo-Park-Eastern-Cape-South-Africa-2-WL.jpg http://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/rabbit-wolf.gif http://www.rodsguide.com/bears/eating.jpg

HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS DETRITIVORES ________________ = feed on plant & animal remains EX: mites, earthworms, snails, crabs break down and absorb organic matter EX: bacteria & fungi DECOMPOSERS http://montereybayphotos.com/images/nature/2.jpg http://www.fwnp.com/bracket-fungi.htm

↑ ↑ CONSUMERS (Heterotrophs) PRODUCERS (Autotrophs) Energy flows through an ecosystem in a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by being eaten CONSUMERS (Heterotrophs) ________________ _________________ = _________________ ↑ ↑ PRODUCERS (Autotrophs) FOOD CHAIN http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/foodchain.jpg

In most ecosystems feeding relationships are more complex Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall In most ecosystems feeding relationships are more complex FOOD WEB A ______________ links ALL the food chains in an ecosystem together.

PRODUCERS FIRST Each step in a food chain or web = _______________ ALWAYS make up the ________ trophic level. TROPHIC LEVEL PRODUCERS FIRST http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll

Why only four levels and not five??? 10% Lower levels must be bigger to support the level above. Only about_____ of the energy from each level is passed on. Why only four levels and not five??? 10% http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll

Some energy is used for life processes such as growth, development, movement, metabolism, transport, and reproduction. The rest is lost as ________ HEAT http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? ACTIVE TRANSPORT Na+ - K + PUMP Endocytosis Exocytosis Animation from: http://www.lionden.com/cell_animations.htm See a movie Animation from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? Movement Synthesis of biomolecules Meiosis: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/anm/ Cilia: http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe Replication: http://www.beyondbooks.com/lif71/4c.asp Transcription:http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif Translation:

Growth and Development REPRODUCTION Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp

What Happens When The Food Web Changes?

What Happens When the Food Web Changes? Everything is connected in an ecosystem If one part of the food web changes it has a domino effect on the other species Can cause increase and decrease in other populations Is one species more important than another?

WAYS ORGANISMS INTERACT 4-2 http://www.dimijianimages.com/Aggression-defense-page4/vultures.jpg http://www.mark-ju.net/wildlife/images/monkey03.jpg WAYS ORGANISMS INTERACT 4-2 http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif http://www.uark.edu/depts/agripub/Publications/Agnews/mosquito.jpg

Ways organisms interact ______________________ Between SAME and DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Compete with each other for available resources __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs Between SAME kind of organisms Live together and help each other live in close association with another kind of organism COMPETITION PREDATION COOPERATION SYMBIOSIS

WHAT IS A RESOURCE? Examples: ________________________ ____________________________________________ Examples: ________________________ Anything needed by an organism for life Nutrients, water, light, space

COMPETITION FOOD Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources. FOOD http://www.knology.net/~sgoswald/Eating.jpg http://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/science/images/gr3/community3.jpg

COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: shelter http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Images/LBUN-5K538R/$File/fox_adultandcub.jpg http://www.gdccc.org/Records/EOY2004/NSEOY.htm

COMPETITION mates Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources mates http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/thumb/3/34/200px-Peacock_courting_peahen.jpg

COMPETITION space/territory Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: space/territory http://www.elise.com/weblog/photos/prairie-dogs.jpg Prairie dogs - 5 to 35 per acre Mountain lion- 1 male per 50-300 sq. mi http://www.rilanationalpark.org/gr.phtml?dir=../../pictures/in_text&img=/65_1180.jpg

COMPETITION LIGHT Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: LIGHT http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html http://www.csjbacau.ro/gallery/images/Beech%20Tree%20Forest%20in%20Slanic%20Moldova.jpg

Ways organisms interact PREDATION ___________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

PREDATION Organisms in an ecosystem that capture and eat other organisms to supply their energy needs http://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/rabbit-wolf.gif http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/images/wspred_6.jpg

INTERDEPENDENCE All living and non-living things in an ecosystem are interconnected and changing even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem. When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.  ~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder

COMPETITION If resources are scarce, some organisms will starve and populations will decrease. If resources become more plentiful, populations will increase. Competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser . . . with the loser failing to survive!

If a nutrient is in _____________ OR __________________ it will LIMIT the growth of the population = _____________ SHORT SUPPLY CYCLES SLOWLY LIMITING FACTOR During this drought, there was not enough food available and many kangaroos starved. http://www.wspa-international.org/exhibition/gallery/large_DeadKenyan%20droughtSPANA.jpg

REMEMBER: EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED ! BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 A decrease in the prey population means some predators will starve. Fewer predators mean prey population will increase. Increase in prey means more food for predators. Predator population will increase until there is not enough food . . . and the cycle repeats itself.

LIMITING NUTRIENT The short supply of a limiting nutrient keeps the population in check. http://www.greenfacts.org/images/glossary/algae-bloom.jpg When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input of limiting nutrient (ie.,fertilizer runoff) the population increases dramatically = ___________ ALGAL BLOOM

Ways organisms interact __________________ Between SAME kind of organisms Live together and help each other COOPERATION http://www.mark-ju.net/wildlife/images/monkey03.jpg

COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc Share food & childcare responsibilities Groom each other Take care of sick http://www.kenyatravelideas.com/african-elephants.html http://www.sphoto.com/medium/meercats37.jpg http://people.uleth.ca/~d.rendall/groom4.jpg

COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc Hunt in packs Provide protection http://www.knology.net/~sgoswald/Eating.jpg http://rosswarner.com/zebras1.jpg

Ways organisms interact __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Live in close association with another kind of organism SYMBIOSIS http://www.zahnersatz.com/english/library/symbiosis.jpg

3 KINDS of SYMBIOSIS MUTUALISM ______________________ COMMENSALISM Both organisms benefit One organism benefits; Other is neither harmed nor helped _____________________ Other is harmed in some way COMMENSALISM PARASITISM

MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” Birds eat parasites living on the hides of giraffes and rhinos while enjoying protection from predators. Groomed animals lose their pests. http://www.imbt.org/science.htm http://www.hugheshome.net/jon/africa02/images/rhino_bird_JPG.jpg

MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” http://www.providence.edu/bio/faculty/adams/LECTUREProvCollegeMutualism.html Insects transfer pollen between plants as they gather nectar for food. http://www.yksd.com/DistanceEdCourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/SecondQuarterLessons/Chapter5/5-5/images/3-way-mutualism.jpg

MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” Clown fish gets protection from enemies by hiding out in poisonous sea anemones http://www.zahnersatz.com/english/library/symbiosis.jpg Sea anemone gets scraps of leftover food dropped by fish

COMMENSALISM Pilot fish receive scraps of food dropped by shark; “Good for me - Doesn’t bother you” http://www.geology.wmich.edu/gillespie/g322/Chapters/C16shark.gif Pilot fish receive scraps of food dropped by shark; Shark is neither harmed nor helped

COMMENSALISM “Good for me - Doesn’t bother you” http://www.abyssal.com/meeks/images/hermit_crab.jpg Hermit crabs make homes in shells abandoned by snails; Snail is not harmed by crab

PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you” http://www.geology.wmich.edu/gillespie/g322/Chapters/C16parasitism.whale.gif Barnacles are crustaceans that attach to the surface of whales and feed on their skin and fluids; Whale is harmed

PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you” Tick feeds on dog’s blood; http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/guineafowltickphotos.htm Tick feeds on dog’s blood; Dog has discomfort, can get diseases/infection from bite

PARASITISM Tapeworms absorb food by living inside host intestine; “Good for me - Hurts you” Tapeworms absorb food by living inside host intestine; host is harmed http://www.biology.ucok.edu/AnimalBiology/Platyhelminthes/tapeworms.jpg

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another and the environment. 9-12.L.3.1. Students are able to identify factors that can cause changes in stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Define populations, communities, ecosystems, niches and symbiotic relationships. Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions. Examples: Dormancy and migration Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter) Biogeochemical cycles Energy flow Cooperation and competition in ecosystems

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another and the environment. 9-12.L.3.1. Students are able to identify factors that can cause changes in stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Define populations, communities, ecosystems, niches and symbiotic relationships. Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions. Examples: Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter) Energy flow

Core High School Life/Earth Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the effect of an interruption in a given cycles High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment; explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems; describe how various factors may affect global climate; High school students performing at the BASIC level: given pictorial representations of the H20 and C cycles explain how elements and compounds move between living and nonliving systems describe one factor that may affect global climate

IMAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm Paint image by Riedell Paint image by Riedell http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html#Organic%20molecules http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif

http://bioweb. wku. edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.html http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://classes.kumc.edu/som/bioc801/lectures/images/mem01-08.gif http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_nucleus.html

http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg http://www.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/~anatomy2/BON/1016A03.jpg http://www.carolguze.com/text/102-19-tissuesorgansystems.shtml http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~aimholtz/AandP/206_ONLINE/Immune/Innate_Images/cilia.jpg http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147b.gif

http://www.proctitispages.force9.co.uk/ http://vilenski.org/science/safari/fungus/fungus.html http://www.harrythecat.com/graphics/ http://bestanimations.com http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm