1. Ecology The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings. Origin of the word?

2. Ecology The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings. Origin of the word? Greek word – oikos which means ‘house’

3. Ecology The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings. Origin of the word? Greek word – oikos which means ‘house’ therefore – study of nature’s house

4. Levels of Organization Species -

5. Levels of Organization Species – group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. Examples?

6. Levels of Organization Species – group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring. Examples? Not an example? mules

7. Levels of Organization Population -

8. Levels of Organization Population – groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Examples

9. Levels of Organization Communities -

10. Levels of Organization Communities – assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area Examples?

11. Levels of Organization Ecosystem -

12. Levels of Organization Ecosystem – a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment Examples?

13. Levels of Organization Biome -

14. Levels of Organization Biome – a major regional or global community of organisms – usually characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there Examples?

15. Biotic factors – living things such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Examples? Levels of Organization

16. Abiotic factors – nonliving things such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, and soil. The balance of these factors determines which living things can survive in a particular environment Examples? Levels of Organization

18. Energy Flow At the core of every organism’s interaction with the environment is its need for energy to power life’s processes. What is energy needed for?

19. Energy Flow At the core of every organism’s interaction with the environment is its need for energy to power life’s processes. What is energy needed for? –To move –To make new cells / to grow –To carry out necessary chemical reactions

20. Energy Flow Producers – organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources, meaning they make their own food.

21. Energy Flow Producers – organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources, meaning they make their own food. - may also be called __________

22. Energy Flow Producers – organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources, meaning they make their own food. - may also be called autotrophs - Examples?

23. Energy Flow Producers – organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources, meaning they make their own food. - may also be called autotrophs Examples? Plants, some algae, and certain bacteria

24. Energy Flow The main energy source for life on earth is

25. Energy Flow The main energy source for life on earth is sunlight. Of all the sun’s energy that reaches Earth’s surfaces, only a small amount is used by living things.

26. Energy Flow The main energy source for life on earth is sunlight. Of all the sun’s energy that reaches Earth’s surfaces, only a small amount is used by living things. less than 1%

27. Energy Flow Photosynthesis -

28. Energy Flow Photosynthesis – process where autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

29. Photosynthesis This process is responsible for adding oxygen to the atmosphere, and also for removing carbon dioxide from it. The energy produced during this process is a glucose (a carbohydrate)

30. Photosynthesis Chemical equation – 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 light carbohydrate energy

31. Energy Flow Another source of energy for living things is

32. Energy Flow Another source of energy for living things is inorganic chemical compounds. Examples?

33. Energy Flow Another source of energy for living things is inorganic chemical compounds. Examples? mineral water that flows underground or boils out of hot springs and undersea vents is loaded with chemical energy – sulfer or nitrogen compounds

34. Energy Flow Chemosynthesis -

35. Energy Flow Chemosynthesis – process where organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates This process is performed by

36. Energy Flow Chemosynthesis – process where organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates This process is performed by several types of bacteria.

37. Energy Flow Chemosynthesis – chemical equation 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 3H 2 S  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 3H 2 SO 4 carbohydrate sulfuric acid

38. Energy Flow What is the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?

39. Energy Flow Consumers -

40. Energy Flow Consumers – organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources, such as plants and animals They may also be called?

41. Energy Flow Consumers – organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once-living resources, such as plants and animals They may also be called heterotrophs

42. Types of heterotrophs Herbivores -

43. Types of heterotrophs Herbivores – obtain energy by eating only plants Examples?

44. Types of heterotrophs Herbivores – obtain energy by eating only plants Examples? desert cottontails, cows, caterpillars, deer

45. Types of heterotrophs Carnivores -

46. Types of heterotrophs Carnivores – organisms that obtain energy by eating animals Examples?

47. Types of heterotrophs Carnivores – organisms that obtain energy by eating animals Examples? hawks, snakes, dogs, owls

48. Types of heterotrophs Omnivore -

49. Types of heterotrophs Omnivore – organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals Examples?

50. Types of heterotrophs Omnivore – organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals Examples? Kangaroo rats, humans, bears, crows

51. Types of heterotrophs Detrivores -

52. Types of heterotrophs Detrivores – organisms that obtain their energy by feeding on detritus – plant and animal remains and other dead matter Examples?

53. Types of heterotrophs Detrivores – organisms that obtain their energy by feeding on detritus – plant and animal remains and other dead matter Examples? Mites, earthworms, snails, crabs

54. Types of heterotrophs Decomposers -

55. Types of heterotrophs Decomposers – detrivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds Examples?

56. Types of heterotrophs Decomposers – detrivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds Examples? Bacteria and fungi

57. Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction,

58. Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds

59. Feeding Relationships Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs and then to various heterotrophs

60. Feeding Relationships Food chain -

61. Feeding Relationships Food chain – a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Land example?

62. Feeding Relationships Food chain – a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Land example? –Grass > antelope > coyote Aquatic example?

63. Feeding Relationships Food chain – a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Land example? –Grass > antelope > coyote Aquatic example? –Algae >zooplankton >small fish >squid >shark

64. Feeding Relationships Food web -

65. Food web – model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem Feeding Relationships

66. Trophic levels -

67. Feeding Relationships Trophic levels – levels of nourishment in a food chain or food web Producers make up the first trophic level

68. Feeding Relationships Trophic levels – each step in a food chain or food web Producers make up the first trophic level Consumers make up the second, third, or higher trophic levels

69. Feeding Relationships Trophic levels – each step in a food chain or food web Producers make up the first trophic level Consumers make up the second, third, or higher trophic levels Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy

71. Feeding Relationships Ecological pyramids -

72. Feeding Relationships Ecological pyramids – a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web.

73. Feeding Relationships Ecological pyramids – a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. Types of ecological pyramids – Energybiomassnumbers

74. Ecological Pyramids Energy Pyramid – –Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level –Only about 10% of this energy is used for life processes –The rest is lost as heat

75. Ecological Pyramids Biomass Pyramid – –Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level –Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid

76. Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers – –Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level Mountain lion Snake, hawk, fox Rabbit, mice, gopher plants