Chapter 1: Section 2 September 3, 2013 Studying Geography Chapter 1: Section 2 September 3, 2013

Objectives 1. Explain how geographers and mapmakers organize our world. 2. Identify special kinds of maps geographers use. 3. Describe how geographers use climate graphs and population pyramids.

Vocabulary Section 2: Part 1 Grid- lines that circle the globe in an east-west and north-south directions Latitude- lines drawn in an east-west direction Longitude- lines drawn in a north-south direction Equator- imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between Earth’s North Pole and South Pole Parallels- another name for lines of latitude because they are always parallel to the equator and measure distance north and south of it. Meridians- another name for lines of longitude and they measure distance east and west of the prime meridian Prime Meridian- imaginary line drawn from the north pole through Greenwich, England to the south pole. Degrees- the way distance is measured with parallels and meridians

Organizing the Globe Grid Latitude Longitude Equator Prime Meridian

Geographers and Mapmakers Organize the World… By drawing lines on the globe By identifying hemispheres, landmasses, and bodies of water By making and using maps

What Are Some Ways Geographers Organize Our World?

Hemispheres, Continents, Oceans, and Grids Hemispheres: There are four hemispheres. The equator divides northern and southern hemispheres. The prime meridian divides eastern and western hemispheres. Continents: Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America Oceans: Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Grids: lines that circle the globe in an east-west and north-south directions

In which hemispheres is the United States located In which hemispheres is the United States located? Which continents are located entirely within the Southern Hemisphere?

Using the Geographer’s Tools Map Projections Advantages Disadvantages Cylindrical Used by navigators because it shows true direction and shape Exaggerates landmasses at high latitudes Conic Accurate for areas with long east-west dimensions Not as accurate for areas that extend mostly north to south Flat-Plane Used by pilots and navigators because it shows true direction and area sizes Distorts shapes

Cylindrical Projection The Cylinder only touches the globe at the equator Meridians are pulled apart and are parallel to each other instead of meeting at the Poles Mercator Map is a cylindrical projection Useful for navigators shows true direction and shape

Conic Projection Conic Projections are most useful for areas that have long east-west dimensions, such as the United States and Russia Most accurate along the lines of latitude where it touches the globe Retains almost true shapes and sizes of landmasses along those locations

Flat-Plane Map Projections Appear to touch the globe at one point, such as the North Pole or the South Pole Useful for showing true direction for airplane pilots and ship navigators Also shows true area sizes, but distorts shapes

Great Circle Route The shortest route between any two places on the planet Useful for pilots and ship captains for navigation

What are 3 Kinds of Map Projections that Mapmakers Use?

Special-Purpose Maps Climate and Precipitation Maps— Show weather patterns and atmospheric conditions Population and Economic Maps— Show the distribution of people, natural resources, and land usage patterns Elevation Profiles and Topographic Maps— Show physical features of the land

Important Geographic Characteristics Climate graphs show average temperatures and precipitation in a place. Population pyramids show percentages of males and females by age group in a country’s population. They help us understand population trends.

Chapter Review What are two main branches in the study of geography? What six essential elements help us organize the study of geography? How are the three kinds of regions defined? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three main map projections? What are six kinds of special-purpose maps?