The Plant Kingdom (Part II) Plant Systems and Subsystems

Engage Observe the different types of plants that are being passed around the room.

Explore Kingdom Plantae Informational Search

Explain Continue to add to your informational search as we discuss plant diversity.

Explain - Diversity of Plants Cone-bearing plants 760 species Ferns and their relatives 11,000 species Mosses and their relatives 15,600 species Flowering plants 235,000 species Form 2 main groups nonvascular and vascular plants

Plant Divisions Bryophytes (Nonvascular) Do not contain specialized conducting tissues Live in water or moist environments Examples: moss, liverworts, and hornworts Tracheophytes (Vascular) They contain vascular tissue: xylem and phloem Examples: ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.

Bryophytes (Mosses) Nonvascular No roots, stem,or leaves Transport of water is by osmosis Short in height (1-5 cm.) Haploid gametophyte is dominant Diploid sporophyte is small

Tracheophytes Vascular Plants The xylem conducts water up The phloem conducts food (sugar) down The sporophyte generation is dominant Vascular Seedless Plants (Spores) and Vascular Seed Plants

Vascular Seedless Plants Ex. Ferns Contain horizontal stems, just under the soil, called rhizomes. The roots grow from the rhizomes The leaves are called fronds which contain the spores. Requires H 2 O for sperm to swim to egg

Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2N) BryophytesFernsSeed plants

Vascular Seed Plants Gymnosperms Nonflowering Bear seeds on the upper surface of scales inside of cones Contain true roots, stems, and leaves Examples Conifers, Pines Angiosperms Flowering plants Flower is a group of modified leaves used for sexual reproduction; seeds found in fruit Contains true roots,stems, and leaves Examples: rose, lily, oak, maple, pea, and grass

Gymnosperms Leaves are needle- like Most are evergreen They are called soft wood. Reproductive structure is a cone or cone-like structure.

Life Cycle of Gymnosperm

Angiosperms Broad leaf plants Most are deciduous Called hardwood They are divided into two groups based on the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) they contain.

Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Ovule Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N) (male gametophyte) Pollen tubes Haploid cell (N) Embryo sac (N) (female gametophyte) Egg cell Sperm Pollen tube Endosperm nuclei Endosperm (3N) Zygote (2N) Fruit Seed coat Endosperm Embryo (2N) Seedling (2N) (new sporophyte) Mature sporophyte Ovary Style Stigma Life Cycle of Angiosperms

Cotyledons

Monocotyledons “Monocots” 1 cotyledon Parallel veins on leaves Fibrous roots Flowers in multiples of 3 Ex) grass, corn

Dicotyledons “Dicots” 2 cotyledons Netted veins Tap root Flowers, 4’s or 5’s Ex) Peanuts, green beans

Seed Germination Concept Map that in have that have Seed Germination Remains with the seed Emerge above ground Remain below ground MonocotsDicots 1 Cotyledon2 Cotyledons

Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants Characteristics Pollination method Relative efficiency of pollination method Plant types Reproductive organs Adaptations that promote pollination Characteristics Pollination method Relative efficiency of pollination method Plant types Reproductive organs Adaptations that promote pollination Wind-pollinated Plants Wind pollination Less efficient Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms Cones Pollination drop Wind-pollinated Plants Wind pollination Less efficient Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms Cones Pollination drop Animal-pollinated Plants Vector pollination More efficient Angiosperms Flowers Bright colors, sweet nectar Animal-pollinated Plants Vector pollination More efficient Angiosperms Flowers Bright colors, sweet nectar

The flower: the defining structure of angiosperms Reproductive structure: pollen transfer; specialized shoot with modified leaves Sepals: enclose flower before it opens Petals: attract pollinators Stamens: male; anther (produces pollen), filament Carpel or Pistil: female; stigma, style, ovary, ovules

Flower Types Perfect Perfect flowers contain both male and female parts on the same flower. Also called monoecious Imperfect Imperfect flowers are missing one of the reproductive parts. Also called dioecious.

Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Ovule Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N) (male gametophyte) Pollen tubes Haploid cell (N) Embryo sac (N) (female gametophyte) Egg cell Sperm Pollen tube Endosperm nuclei Endosperm (3N) Zygote (2N) Fruit Seed coat Endosperm Embryo (2N) Seedling (2N) (new sporophyte) Mature sporophyte Ovary Style Stigma Life Cycle of Angiosperms

Hormone-producing cells Target cells Movement of hormone Hormone Action on Plants

A.Auxins 1.Auxins and Phototropism 2.Auxins and Gravitropism B.Cytokinins – stimulate cell division, growth of lateral buds, cause dormant seeds to sprout C.Gibberellins – growth hormone that stimulates cell elongation, increase the rate of seed germination and bud development D. Ethylene Gas – causes fruit to ripen and withering of flowers after fertilization. Plant Hormones

ControlTip removed Opaque cap Clear cap Opaque shied over base High concentration of auxin Low concentration of auxin Auxins and Phototropism Auxins and Phototropism

Plant Responses A.Tropisms 1.Gravitropism – response to gravity 2. Phototropism – response to light 3.Thigmotropism – response to touch B.Photoperiodism – plants response to periods of light and darkness Short-day plants Long-day plants

Photoperiodism in Plants Midnight Noon Long Day Midnight Noon Short Day Midnight Noon Interrupted Night Short-Day PlantLong-Day Plant

Diversity of Plants

Elaborate Different Types of Plants Lab Monocots vs. Dicots

Evaluate