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Kingdom: Plantae
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What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose
Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll a and b to trap sunlight.
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Life Cycle of Plants Haploid Diploid MEIOSIS Plant life cycles have 2 alternating phases, a diploid (2n) and a haploid (n) phase, known as alternation of generations. Spores (N) Gametophyte Plant (N) Sporophyte Plant (2N) Sperm (N) Eggs (N) FERTILIZATION
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What plants need to survive?
Sunlight Water and minerals Gas exchange (stomata) Transport of water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)
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Groups of Bryophytes This group lacks vascular tissue therefore it uses diffusion and osmosis to obtain nutrients. Mosses Which do not have true roots instead have rhizoids. Liverworts Hornworts
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Comparing Spore-Bearing Vascular Plants Characteristics Water transportation Structure Club Mosses By vascular tissue Look like miniature pine trees; scalelike leaves Horsetails By vascular tissue True leaves, stems, and roots Ferns By vascular tissue Creeping or underground rhizomes (stems); fronts (leaves); some have no roots or leaves
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Comparing Features of Seed Plants
Seeds Reproduction Examples Gymnosperms Angiosperms Bear their seeds on cones Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes Bear their seeds within flowers Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers
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Concept Map Plants are categorized as Annuals Biennials Perennials
that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in 1 growing season 2 years More than 2 years
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Comparison of Monocots and Dicots
Single cotyledon Parallel veins Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Fibrous roots Two cotyledons Branched veins Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Taproot Seeds Leaves Flowers Stems Roots
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Seed Plant Structures Plant Tissues include Dermal tissue
Meristematic tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue includes includes includes Epidermal cells Xylem Phloem Parenchyma cells Collenchyma cells Schlerenchyma cells includes includes Tracheids Vessel elements Sieve tube elements Companion cells
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Plant Tissue Systems Dermal Tissue: consists of epidermal cells that cover the outer surface. Vascular Tissue: specialized transport cells Xylem: carries water and nutrients up from the roots. (tracheids and vessel elements) Phloem: carries sugars down from leaves (sieve tube elements and companion cells) Ground Tissue: contains photosynthesizing cells and cells that help make plants strong.
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Plant Growth Meristems are clusters of cells at the tips of roots and stems that are responsible for the growth throughout a plant’s life. The new cells produced are called meristematic tissue. Apical meristems are located at the tip or end of the root and stem that produces new cells by the process of mitosis.
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Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x)
Roots Epidermis Root hairs Phloem Xylem Apical meristem Root cap Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Endodermis Ground tissue (cortex) Vascular Cylinder Ground tissue (cortex) Epidermis Endodermis Vascular cylinder Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x)
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Function and Types of Roots
The roots job is absorb water and nutrients form the soil and anchor the plant in the ground. Types: Taproot a long root that extends deep into the ground. Fibrous root: branching root help prevent topsoil erosion. Some plants have both types of roots.
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Leaf Structure Cuticle Veins Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Xylem Vein
Phloem Spongy mesophyll Epidermis Stoma Guard cells
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Leaf Function Stomata: gas exchange
Guard cells: open and close the stomata Mesophyll: contain cells that carry out photosynthesis.
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Transpiration The pull of water from the roots to the leaves of the plant Factors that increase transpiration: Increase temperature Increase wind Decreased humidity
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Sugar Movement in Plants
Phloem Xylem Sugar molecules Source cell Movement of water Movement of sugar Sink cell
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Reproduction with Cones
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Reproduction with Flowers
Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen Carpel (Pistil): female Portion of the flower. ovary: contains the ovules. 2. stigma: sticky tip that pollen attaches to. 3. style: creates the Pollen tube that allows Pollen to reach the eggs. Stamens: the male portion Of the flower anther: produces pollen filament
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Cycle of an Angiosperm Pollen grains (N) Anther (2N)
(male gametophyte) Pollen tubes Haploid cell (N) Embryo sac (N) (female gametophyte) Egg cell Sperm Pollen tube Endosperm nuclei Endosperm (3N) Zygote (2N) Fruit Seed coat Embryo Seedling (2N) (new sporophyte) Mature sporophyte Ovary Style Stigma Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS Ovule FERTILIZATION
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Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants
Wind vs. Animal Pollination Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants Characteristics Pollination method Relative efficiency of pollination method Plant types Reproductive organs Adaptations that promote pollination Wind-pollinated Plants Wind pollination Less efficient Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms Cones Pollination drop Animal-pollinated Plants Vector pollination More efficient Angiosperms Flowers Bright colors, sweet nectar
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Seed Dispersal Animals: sweet, fleshy fruits (blueberries)
Wind and water: lightweight, allowing them to be carried by air or float in water. (tumbleweeds)
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Seed Germination
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Plant Hormones Chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth and development, and the plant’s responses to environmental conditions. Auxin: stimulate cell elongation Gibberellins: increase size of stems and fruit Cytokinins: stimulate cellular division Ethylene: Stimulate the ripening of fruit.
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Auxin and phototropism
High concentration of auxin Low concentration of auxin Control Tip removed Opaque cap Clear cap Opaque shied over base Auxin production of the shaded side of plant causes it to Bend towards the light.
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Auxin and Gravitropism
Auxin causes stems to grow up and roots to grow down in Response to gravity.
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Auxin and Branching Apical Dominance
Apical meristem Lateral buds Auxins produced in the apical meristem inhibit the growth of lateral buds. Apical meristem removed Without the inhibiting effect of auxins from the apicial meristem, lateral buds produce many branches.
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Auxin-like Weed Killers
High concentrations of auxins inhibit plant growth. Scientists have engineered herbicides like 2,4-D that mimic the hormone auxin and thus kill weeds.
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Plant Reponses Phototropism: response to light
Gravitropism: response to gravity Thigmotropism: response to touch
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Photoperiodism The response To flowering Photoperiodism:
Short-Day Plant Long-Day Plant The response To flowering Is controlled by The amount Of darkness the Plant receives Photoperiodism: Is reponsible for The timing of Seasonal Activities such as Flowering and growth Midnight Noon Long Day Midnight Noon Short Day Midnight Noon Interrupted Night
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Winter Dormancy As cold weather approaches, deciduous plants turn off photosynthetic pathways, transport materials from leaves to roots, and seal off leaves from the rest of the plant.
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Adaptations Chemical defenses: manufacture compounds that have a powerful effect on animals. Ex. Aspirin, tobacco Epiphytes: Grow on trees to reach sunlight. Succulents: reduces leaves, extensive roots, thick stems. (cacti) Carnivorous Plants: digest insects.
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