1. Chapter 16 - Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land
Terrestrial Adaptations - living on land poses different problems from living in water
Plants require structural specializations
Roots and shoots
Shoots
Leaves – photosynthesis and gas exchange
Stems – transport water up and sap down
Roots – absorb water and dissolved minerals..

2. Leaves are main photosynthetic organs
Gametangia protect gametes from dehydration; female gametangia protect developing embryos
Cuticle reduces water loss
Stomata allow gas exchange between plant and atmosphere
Lignin hardens cell walls
Shoot supports plant; may perform photosynthesis
Vascular tissues transport water, minerals, and sugars; provide support
Roots anchor plant; mycorrhizae (root/fungus associations) help absorb water and minerals from the soil)
Whole alga performs Photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO2, and minerals from the water
Alga
Surrounding water supports the alga

3. True root, stems, and leaves have vascular tissue that form “veins” in the tissues.
Xylem – transports water and minerals through dead cells that form “straws” in the tissue
Phloem – living cells that transport sap (sugars in water) throughout the plant..

4. Plant Diversity Angio-sperms Gymnosperms (e.g., conifers)
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Charophyceans (a group of green algae)
Bryophytes (e.g., mosses)
Seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns)
Gymnosperms (e.g., conifers)
Angio-sperms
Origin of plants
Early vascular plants
First seed plants
Diversification of flowering plants

5. Nonvascular Plants – Bryophytes
No vascular tissue, must be low to ground, live in moist areas, no true roots, stems, or leaves
Mosses – the most familiar..

6. Plants, including mosses, have two distinct versions of the plant
The gametophyte, which produces gametes
The sporophyte, which produces spores
(phyte = plant)..

7. Gametes (sperm and eggs)
The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation of generations
Spores n
Mitosis
Sporophyte 2n
Gametes (sperm and eggs)
Fertilization
Zygote
Spore capsule
Meiosis
Gametophyte
Haploid
Diploid

8. Seedless Vascular Plants - Ferns
Have vascular tissue; true roots, stems, and leaves; do not produce seeds; have flagellated sperm that swim to ovule

9. Seed Plants – Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
Seed – embryonic plant with food supply packaged in a protective coat..

10. Gymnosperms - Conifers
Most all are evergreens; produce seed cones and pollen cones; sporophyte generation is more prominent than the gametophyte generation..

11. Pollen grain Ovule Is actually the much-reduced male gametophyte
Fertilizes the female gametophyte
Ovule
Contain the female gametophyte
Will develop into the seed..

12. Angiosperms
Supply nearly all our food and much of our fiber for textiles
More efficient water transport and the evolution of the flower help account for the success of the angiosperms

13. A characteristic of angiosperms is double fertilization
One sperm nucleus fertilizes and egg in the female gametophyte = zygote
One sperm nucleus fertilizes another cell in the female gametophyte (not the egg) = endosperm
This synchronizes the development of the embryo and the food reserves. The entire ovule develops in to a seed.
Integuments
Spore
(a) Ovule
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Pollen tube
Pollen grain
(male gametophyte)
Female gametophyte
Egg nucleus
Discharged sperm nucleus
(b) Fertilized ovule
Seed coat (derived from integuments)
Food supply (derived from female gametophyte tissue)
Spore case
Embryo
(new sporophyte)
(c) Seed..

14. Life cycle of Angiosperms
Mature sporophyte plant with flowers
Germinated pollen grain (male gametophyte) on stigma of carpel
Anther at tip of stamen
Pollen tube growing down style of carpel
Ovary (base of carpel)
Embryo sac (female gametophyte)
Egg
Sperm nuclei
Fertilization
Endosperm
Zygote
Embryo (sporophyte)
Fruit (develops from ovary)
Seed (develops from ovule)
Seed
Germinating seed
Sporophyte seedling
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)..
Ovule
Life cycle of Angiosperms

15. The dominant stage of the angiosperms is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers
Stamen
Anther
Filament
Ovule
Petal
Pistil
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Sepal
Contains female gametophyte..
Contains male gametophyte = pollen

16. Fruit = ripened ovary usually containing seeds..
Flower
Sepals = outer whorl of modified leaves; protection
Petals = second whorl of modified leaves; bright, showy; attract pollinators
Stamen = anther & filament; produces pollen – the male gametophyte
Pistil = stigma, style, & ovary with ovules; ovules contain the female gametophyte
Fruit = ripened ovary usually containing seeds..