WWI Chapter 27

Setting the Stage: WWI Causes WWI Militarism Alliances  Imperialism  Nationalism

The Spark = Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 28, E6e8BW0l-E

Gavril Princep and the Blackhand

Franz Ferdinand’s Death Set into Motion a Deadly Web of Alliances

WWI Sides: The Belligerents Allied Powers France GB Russia Italy United States and Japan (eventually) Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

WWI: A TOTAL WAR Total War = All resources used for war Propaganda Civilian responsibility New Industrial weapons/inventions in land, air, sea

Weapons by Sea: Dreadnoughts Revolutionary Design All-Big Gun design Brand new race to build the biggest and best Navy

Weapons by Sea: U-Boat Unterseeboot Submarine Utilized by Germany to cut off support for Great Britain

Weapons by Air: Airplanes and Zeppelins Red Baron

Weapons by Land: Machine Gun

Weapons by Land: Railroad Guns

Trenches

Trench Diagram

Trench Foot Originally it was thought Trench Foot was caused by poor morale Actual Cause: prolonged exposure to damp cold conditions

Weapons by Land: Gas

Burns from Mustard Gas

Animal Messengers and Gas Masks

Weapons by Land: Tanks

Total War made WWI a… War of Attrition: A slow wearing-down war in which each side tried to outlast the other

Theaters of War

Major Battles WWI 1914 Battle of Marne: W-front France stops German adv. into Paris Trench warfare begins Battle of Tannenberg E-front Huge German Win! Prob. Germany in 2-front war

Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Major Battles WWI continued… 1915 Battle of Gallipoli Turkish-front Allie’s defeated by Ottoman E! Russia remains landlocked

United States Entry into WWI U.S. “neutral” until April 6 th, 1917 / May 28 th 1918 our first victory at Cantigny (North of Paris) Events that pushed U.S. into WWI: 1. Unrestricted Germ. submarine warfare Sinking of Lusitania Zimmerman Note / O throw of Russian Czar.

Russia Before WWI Serfdom ended, but most people poor & uneducated 1904 Russia lost Russo-Japanese War 1905 Czar ended Absolute Rule; Duma created But Duma very weak By 1914 Russia Ripe for Revolution!!!

Russia in WWI WWI exposed Russia’s weaknesses No food, No arms, Terrible roads Russia Isolated b/c of Ottoman Empire By 1917 Russian people & army had lost faith in the Czar Eventually, Czar abdicates and provisional gov. created

Problems w/ Provisional Government 2 Big Problems: 1. Wanted to stay in WWI 2. Socialism Growing 2 Socialist Factions 1.Mensheviks  Moderates  Gradual change 2.Bolsheviks  Radicals  Force change  Led by Vladimir Lenin  “Peace, Land, Bread”

The October Revolution: Nov. 7, 1917 Bolsheviks o/throw provisional gov. After… Rename self Communist Party Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovisk But Still Have a Problem… Opposition from Mensheviks and Czar’s supporters

1918 Russian Civil War 2 Sides: Reds – Communists Whites – Mensheviks, all other anti-”Red” including Allies from WWI Reds/Lenin kill Czar and his family 1921 Reds Win 1922 Russia becomes USSR

Defeat of Central Powers and End of WWI 1918: Germ. focuses on W. Front; but had to fight Amer. Bulgaria, AH and Ottomans surrender Germ. Kaiser steps down; German Weimar Republic formed Weimar Republic signs Armistice in Nov. WWI Fighting OVER!!!

WWI Causalities – 16 mill. Dead

Paris Peace Conference Meeting of the Big 4: GB: David Lloyd George France: George Clemenceau United States: Woodrow Wilson Italy: Vittorio Orlando Who were these men and what kind of “peace” did each of them want?

Areas of Concern Blame? Reparations? Colonies of Central Powers? Rhineland? Alsace-Lorraine? Saar? Poland? Danzig? Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Estonia? Czechoslovakia?

OTHER PROBLEMS W/ PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE… No Russia or Central powers invited!

Other Problems w/ the Paris Peace Conference 1. Russia and Central Powers not invited 2. Political Problems 3. Territorial Conflicts 4. Reparations 5. How to maintain peace Force Wilson’s 14 Points Freedom of seas, no secret treaties, no economic barriers, reduce arms, fair land divisions, establish League of Nations

WWI Causalities

Treaty of Versailles Officially ended WWI 1919 Treated Germany Harsh Formed Independent Republics Formed League of Nations

Europe Before WWI

Europe After WWI