Decolonization

Imperialism: A large country takes over a small country, and takes its natural resources Colony: The small country, when run by a large country Decolonization: The large country no longer wants the small country and stops running it, allows the people to run it themselves

Steps for Chaos 1.Foreign government has a structure in place to run the country 2.Foreign government leaves the country, and takes its stability and power with it 3.Groups within the country fight for power

India Ethnic Problems: – Two major groups in India Hindus Muslims

India In an attempt to calm religious tension, India broke into two parts – India: Hindu – Pakistan: Muslim

India England owned portions of India for over 100 years After WWII England no longer had time or money to run India

Problems After Decolonization Lack of leadership Poverty Caste System Overpopulation Lack of sanitation Health concerns

Understanding the History of South Africa & Apartheid

Early History A Time Line 1806 – British take over Cape of Good Hope 1867 – Discovery of Gold 1886 – Discovery of Diamonds 1889 – 1902 – The Boer War (British and Dutch settlers fight over land) – English won 1902 – The beginning of apartheid 1990’s – The end of apartheid

South Africa The Cape of Good Hope officially becomes South Africa The English instituted a policy of apartheid

Population by Race “Colored” is a term used for mixed black, Malayan, and white descent Asian population is mainly Indian ancestry

World’s Largest Producer… Gold Platinum Chromium Diamonds

Apartheid Apartheid = “Separateness” The separation of races

Hendrik Verwoerd Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966 “Architect of Apartheid”

Rural vs. Urban Group Acts of 1950 & Million Africans were forced from urban areas to rural reservations 1961 – Pressure from UN

Homelands  “Reservations” or “Bantustans”  Verwoerd forced Africans to move onto these reservations  Each reservation was to become a nation  Africans had rights and freedoms only on the reservation  Outside the homelands, treated as aliens  Poor quality land  Completely incapable of supporting large populations  Lack of food and medicine

Houses in Soweto, a black township.

Apartheid No Rights for Non-whites No right to vote No ownership of land No right to move freely No right to free speech No right to protest the government

Images of Apartheid

Apartheid separated the whites from the non- whites

The Pass Book Needed special permits to live outside of reservations Failure to meet curfew or have passbook = subject to arrest Curfew regulations

Resistance and Protests Apartheid is Challenged

Nelson Mandela  Nelson Mandela peacefully fought to end apartheid. He served 27 years in prison for such “treason.”  Thousands of other South African non- whites were imprisoned and executed for their resistance against apartheid.

1960 Sharpeville Massacre In 1960, during a peaceful protest in the city of Sharpeville, 69 people were killed This massacre ignited additional demonstrations and protests against the unfair treatment of non-whites

1985 Demonstration The message was simple: “Freedom in Our Lifetime!”

1994 Reservations abolished and territories reabsorbed into the nation of South Africa Apartheid caused major economic hardships on South Africa International sanctions Decreased labor force Cut investments from countries like U.S.A. First multiracial election Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa (1994 – 1999)

South Africa Today 1994 – The end of Apartheid Today’s president: Thabo Mbeki (16 June 1999) Presidents serve 5 year term

Africa and Decolonization Africa was the largest area of colonies in the world After WWII, most foreign governments left Africa and gave control over to the Africans

Problems Lack of experience running a nation Poor economies Lack of technology Multiple groups want power

Algerian Civil War Angolan Civil War Burundi genocid Burundi Civil War Titanic Express Massacre Itaba Massacre Gautama Massacre Civil war in Chad (1965–1979) Civil war in Chad ( ) Chadian-Libyan conflict Civil war in Chad (1998–2002) Civil war in Chad (2005–2010 Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002– present) Congo (Brazzaville) Civil War Kongo Civil War Congo Free State Congo Crisis June November 1966 – Katangan Secession – South Kasai Secession – Simba Rebellion Shaba I 1977 Shaba II 1978 First Congo War Second Congo War – Ituri Conflict – Kivu Conflict Côte d'Ivoire Civil War Arab-Israeli War (1948) Suez Crisis Six Day War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War Libyan-Egyptian War Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960) Shifta War (1963–1967) 2011–2012 Libyan factional fighting Libyan civil war Chadian-Libyan conflict Libyan-Egyptian War Tuareg Rebellion Insurgency in the Maghreb ( Northern Mali conflict (2012–present) Mauritania-Senegal Border War Western Sahara War Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002– present) nsurgency in the Maghreb Tuareg Rebellion 2009 Nigerian sectarian violence 2010 Jos riots Nigerian Civil War Nigerian Sharia conflict Conflict in the Niger Delta Rwandan Civil War Rwandan Genocide Sierra Leone Civil War Somali Civil War War in Somalia 2006–present First Sudanese Civil War Anyanya rebellion Second Sudanese Civil War Darfur Conflict Chad-Sudan conflict Tunisian independence Bizerte crisis 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution 1971 Ugandan coup d'état Operation Entebbe (1976) Uganda-Tanzania War (1978 – 1979) Fall of Kampala (1979) Uganda National Rescue Front (1980–1985) Ugandan Civil War (1982 – 1986) Uganda People's Democratic Army (1986– 1988) Holy Spirit Movement (1986–1987) Lord's Resistance Army (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces (1996-?) Uganda National Rescue Front II (1996–2002) Second Matabele War a.k.a. the First Chimurenga Second Chimurenga/Rhodesian Bush War

The Rwandan Genocide 1994

Imperialism In the 1600’s Belgium took control of Rwanda

The Belgians decided that the Tutsis were the rulers of Rwanda Tutsis were the minority of the population When kings distributed the land, they gave it the to Tutsis who charged Hutus to live and work on the land

HutuTutsi  Darker skin  Shorter  Wider noses  Majority of population  Lighter skin  Taller and more slender  Thinner noses  Minority of population

Identification The Belgians: – Issued passcards to Rwandans – Gave preferential treatment to Tutsis (“with the long nose”) Hutu’s had “blunt nose”

Decolonization Rwanda gains its independence from Belgium in 1961

Beginning of a Social Revolution Hutus begin to form a nationalist party (Parmahutu) to fight for their rights in 1959 Began killings of Tutsi (20,000 the first year) 200,000 Tutsi refugees flee border

The Rwandan Civil War Conflict lasting from Between the government of President Habyarimana (Hutu) and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (Tutsi group in other country) – Tutsis were trying to take back the power in Rwanda – Peace agreements were signed, but Habyarimana (Hutu President) will not step down Habyarimana

The Catalyst On April 6, 1994,the airplane carrying Rwandan President Habyarimana and the Hutu president of Burundi was shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali Both presidents died when the plane crashed. Responsibility for the attack is disputed In spite of disagreements about the identities of its perpetrators, the attack on the plane is to many observers the catalyst for the genocide

United Nations The United Nations had officers in Rwanda, but they were not allowed to use force to stop the violence They tried to get Tutsi’s out of the country

Foreign Response All other nations: – France – US – Great Britain – Canada Sent airplanes to get anyone from their countries out – Tourists – Reporters – Aid workers Then they let the genocide begin

The Beginnings of Genocide National radio urged people to stay in their homes The government-funded-Hutu-station RTLM broadcast vitriolic attacks against Tutsis and anyone who protected them A special “code” was announced on the radio when the killings were to begin – Cut down the tall trees

Genocide This was a genocide – The deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.

The Killings Killed in their villages or in towns, often by their neighbors and fellow villagers Militia members typically murdered their victims by hacking them with machetes The victims were often hiding in churches and school buildings, where Hutu’s massacred them Ordinary citizens were called on by local officials and government-sponsored radio to kill their neighbors and those who refused to kill were often killed themselves Everyone killed so they weren’t killed themselves: – Mayors – Priests – EVERYONE

Refugee’s Some were able to escape out of Rwanda and to safety – Kenya – Congo – Tanzania – Zimbabwe – Uganda Most were only able to escape with help from friends who lived outside of Rwanda

Issues Post-Genocide Two million Hutu fled from Rwanda, to Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) This has fueled wars in Uganda, Burundi, and the DRC

Questions Still Exist Why didn’t the US do anything? Why didn’t the UN listen to Daillaire? How could people kill their neighbors? How many actually died? How can we prevent this from happening again?