The Cellular World

Eukaryotic Cells Includes: animal cells, plant cells, protist cells, and fungi cells

Prokaryotic Cells Includes: bacterial cells

Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells more complex larger contain a nucleus membrane-bound organelles includes: protists, fungi, plants, and animals many organelles with specific functions simple cells smaller no nucleus no organelles bacteria Cell parts: cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA

Biological Macromolecules Macromolecules – large molecules that form from joining smaller molecules together – The smaller molecules are called monomer – The larger molecules are called polymers Four biologically important macromolecules ( CARBOHYDRATESLIPIDS PROTEINSNUCLEIC ACIDS

Macromolecules Monomer – smaller molecule Polymer – larger molecule formed by joining together smaller molecules

Macromolecules Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers Macromolecule or Polymer

Macromolecules Amino Acids (Monomers) Proteins (Polymer)

Macromolecules Nucleotides (Monomers) Nucleic Acid (Polymer)

Biological Macromolecules GroupFunction Carbohydrates-Store Energy -Monosaccharide and Disaccharides -Cellulose -Starches Lipids- Store energy - Provide cellular barriers (phospholipids) Proteins- Transport substances - Speed up reactions -Provide structural support -Make hormones Nucleic AcidsStore and communicate genetic information

Eukaryotic Cells Structures OrganellesFunction Plasma membranePermeable cell membrane; separates external and internal environment NucleusContains DNA CytoplasmPart of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane; contains cytosol RibosomeSite of protein synthesis MitochondriaSite of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis) ChloroplastContains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis Cell wallBoundary outside cell membrane

PROTEINS The Cell is a Factory for Making PROTEINS!!

Central Idea of Genetics! DNA RNA PROTEIN TranscriptionTranslation

dna/tour_protein.html dna/tour_protein.html Transcription-and-Protein-Assembly Transcription-and-Protein-Assembly

ProteinsProteins Proteins are made by joining – AMINO ACIDS Each protein contains a combination of the 20 amino acids The function of the protein is determined by number and sequence of amino acids (A polypeptide is a protein!) Protein 1 Protein 2

ProteinsProteins

Amino Acids

ProteinStructureProteinStructure

Function of Proteins Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes – Examples: actin, myosin, keratin Plasma/Blood proteins – Examples: coagulation factors, hemoglobin Cell receptors/cell signals/membrane channels Hormones and Growth Factors Immune system (antibodies) ENZYMES!! (catalysts)

EnzymesEnzymes Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

Central Idea of Genetics! DNA RNA PROTEIN TranscriptionTranslation

Eukaryotic Nucleus

Cellular Molecules Small Organic MoleculesMacromolecules Occur free in solution in cytoplasm Examples: - Simple sugars - Fatty acids - Amino acids - Nucleotides Larger molecules Made of chains (polymers) of simpler/smaller molecules that act as building blocks (monomers) Examples: - Proteins - Nucleic acids - Polysaccharides

Small Organic Molecules Glucose Nucleotides

Proteins Long polymers made up of many monomers (amino acids) 20 different amino acids can combine in different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains

For example:

DNA Structure

Nucleotides join together to form long strands DNA consists of two strands Strands twist around each other to form a double helix Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond –Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another Nucleotide sequence can vary Phosphodiester bonds

Polarity of DNA Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end –The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide –The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group of the nucleotide A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’ Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’

DNA Structure DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands –Adenine only base pairs with thymine –Guanine only base pairs with cytosine Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite –Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form hydrogen bonds

DNA Animations tour/ tour/ mations/content/DNA_structure.html mations/content/DNA_structure.html

Test Review Chapter 1 Define biotechnology Types of Biotech – Agricultural – Industrial – Medical – Environmental – Forensic Ethics Chapter 2 Kingdoms of living things Cell types (eukaryotic/prokaryotic) Cell structures and functions Cellular molecules Small organic molecules Macromolecules monomers and polymers proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides Proteins Amino acid structure Enzymes Nucleic acids DNA & RNA (3 types & differences) Structure of DNA purines/pyrimidines nucleotide structure directionality of strands double helix complementary base pairing antiparallel strands

Images taken from:

The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized Chapter 2

Taxonomy of Living Things KingdomFeaturesExamples Monera Prokaryotic Unicellular Bacteria Protista Eukaryotes that “don’t fit into other kingdoms” Most are unicellular Amoeba, Algae, Slime Molds Fungi Filamentous eukaryotesYeast, Bread Mold Plantae Photosynthetic Multicellular Have cell walls Moss, Flowering plants, Conifers Animalia Multicellular Non-photosynthetic Coral, Insects, Mammals Next

Monera Table

Protists Table

Fungi Table

Plants Table

Animals Table