1. Biological Macromolecules
SC.912.L.18.1-

2. Macromolecules
monomer
monomer
monomer

3. Polymers Lipids are not considered a polymer
Macromolecules are made of polymers which are made of smaller parts called monomers
What are the monomers for each Macromolecule?
Carbohydrates (polysacharride) (polymer)
Monoscacharrides are the monomers for carbohydrates
Proteins (polymer)
Amino acids are the monomers for Proteins (polypeptides)
Nucleic Acids (polymer)
DNA nucleotides are the monomers for DNA
RNA nucleotides are the monomers for RNA
Lipids are not considered a polymer

4. Carbohydrates C6H12O6 Building Blocks Components: Functions:
Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio
Components:
Monosaccharides are the monomer
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Functions:
Main source of QUICK energy for living things (Monosaccharides)
Energy Storage– (polysaccharides)
in animals glycogen is stored in the liver
in plants, starch is stored in the ROOTS
Structural– to build cell walls
cellulose (plants)
chitin (fungi)
C6H12O6
The smaller units, or monomers, joins together to form polymers.
These three polysaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates and are all made of glucose, a monosaccharide. The glucose is just arranged differently

5. Carbohydrates

6. Lipids Building Blocks:
Mostly made from carbon and hydrogen atoms, little oxygen
Components (classes of lipids):
A fat molecule consists of 3 fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol
Phospholipids in cell membranes are made of a phosphate group and 2 fatty acid chains
Steroids – 4 fused rings
Functions and Examples:
LONG-term Energy storage molecules—Fats
Cell Membranes– in EVERY organism– phospholipids
Water-proofing– cuticle keeps water in and protects plant against infection; LIPIDS REPEL WATER (hydrophobic)!
Steroid Hormone (testosterone/Estrogen)

7. Proteins Building Blocks:
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and NITROGEN (N).
Components:
The monomer is the amino acid. Remember, the ribosome is where amino acids are assembled into PROTEINS or polypeptides.
VERY IMPORTANT FACT: The SHAPE of a protein is what allows it to do its job.
LOCK AND KEY MODEL– if the shape changes even slightly, the protein may not be able to do its job
Most diverse macromolecule – it does a lot of different things

8. Proteins Functions and Examples: Speed up reactions-- ENZYMES
Regulate cell processes--HORMONES
Form bones and muscles—
COLLAGEN, ACTIN, AND MYOSIN
Transport substances into or out of cells– PROTEINS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE
Carrier and Channel proteins
Gas transport: Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells transport oxygen (O2) to tissues.
Help to fight disease-- ANTIBODIES

9. Nucleic Acids Building Blocks: Function: Components:
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and PHOSPHORUS (P).
Examples:
There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.
Function:
Nucleic acids
Store genetic information
Transmit hereditary, or genetic information to offspring (DNA)
Transfer genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (RNA)
Components:
The monomer is the nucleotide.
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
Phosphate group
Sugar (deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA))
Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA))
STAYS IN NUCLEUS
LEAVES NUCLEUS