1. Chapter 6.3 Biomolecules R

2. Recall: “Bio” = Life Molecules are made of two or more atoms

3. So… Biomolecules are large molecules of life (macromolecules), important to life functions

4. 5 important biomolecules Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Enzyme Nucleic Acids

5. A polymer is a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules, called monomers, bond together. Many polymers can be formed from a reaction called condensation. Polymers can be broken apart by hydrolysis.

6. Carbohydrates Examples:

7. Carbohydrates Are made up of: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Monomer: monosaccharide

8. Carbohydrates Their function is: to store energy! “Carbs” are our primary source of energy

9. Two monosaccharides make up a disaccharide Many disaccharides make up polysaccharides

10. 2 Monosaccharides make up 1 Disaccharide “mono” = one “di” = two

11. Many Disaccharides make up a Polysaccharide “di” = two “poly” = many

12. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all single sugars called “monosaccharides”. They are also considered isomers. Based on the illustrations of the 3 sugars, what do you think an isomer is? (Hint: Count the atoms of each sugar)

13. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monomer glucose. What are some similarities and differences between these polysaccharides?

14. Types of Carbohydrates include: Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Cellulose (cell wall)

15. Starch Made by plants to store energy

16. Cellulose Made by plants and used for structure

17. Glycogen Made by animals and used to store energy Mammals use their liver for this job.

18. Lipids Are made up of: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) some Oxygen (O) Monomer - fatty acid

19. Lipids Their function is: protection insulation to store energy

20. Lipids Example of protection… the cell membrane!

21. Lipids Example of insulation… blubber!

22. Lipids Example of energy storage…oil!

23. Lipids Are insoluble in water (they don’t mix!) and are non-polar

24. Lipids Examples:

25. Lipids Saturated, Unsaturated, Polynsaturated…

26. Question Why doesn’t vegetable oil dissolve in water? Why is detergent necessary to remove oil and grease stains from clothes?

27. Proteins Are made up of: Amino Acids… 20 different types!! Made up from Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) molecules Monomer - amino acid

28. Proteins Examples:

29. Proteins Their function is: to carry out metabolism… which is essential for all life!

30. Proteins Are linked by peptide bonds

31. Proteins The number, sequence, and arrangement of the amino acid determines the shape of the protein.

32. Question There are 20 different amino acids, which are the basic building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom to which a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, an amino group (-NH2), and a variable group (-R) are attached. Circle the part of the amino acid makes each amino acid different.

33. Enzymes Enzymes are PROTEINS that change the SPEED of chemical reactions!

34. Enzymes Enzyme activity depends on: Temperature Ionic conditions pH

35. Enzymes Enzyme are substrate-specific (each enzyme has an active site)

36. Enzymes Denaturation change in the shape of the protein due to one of these factors

37. Nucleic Acids Are made up of: Nucleotides Monomer: nucleotide

38. Nucleic Acids Their function is: to transmit GENETIC information

39. Nucleic Acids Two types of nucleotides are: DNA or RNA

40. Nucleic Acids Examples:

41. Nucleotide A nucleotide consists of 1. Nitrogenous base 2. Simple sugar 3. Phosphate group

42. Nucleotide The 4 different nitrogenous bases of nucleotides: 1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Thymine (Uracil = only in RNA)

43. Nucleotide The 2 different sugars of nucleotides: Deoxyribose (DNA only) Ribose (RNA only) Phosphate group= PO 4

44. Question What are the monomers for the following macromolecules? Carbohydrates _______________ Lipids_________________ and _________________ Proteins ___________ _________ Nucleic Acids ________________