1 Biomolecules

2 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four major classes of macromolecules found in living things: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Used for immediate and stored energy, and as a building material in the cell. Contain elements C,H,O 3 Carbohydrates

4 Three Groups of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides - “one sugar” Disaccharides - “two sugars” Polysaccharides - “many sugars”

Monosaccharides: “One Sugar” Simplest of all sugars Can vary in the # of carbon (C) atoms, but the ratio of 2H:1O is always present. 5

Glucose Glucose – 6 carbon monosaccharide that is the preferred energy source for most organisms including humans. Chemical Formula is C 6 H 12 O 6 6

7 Disaccharides Two monosaccharides covalently bonded together Examples 1) Sucrose - table sugar 2) Lactose - milk sugar 3) Maltose - grain sugar

8 Polysaccharides  Many monosaccharides covalently bonded together.  Divided into 2 groups based on function: * Energy s torage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides

9 Examples of Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Glucose Monomer

Storage Polysaccharides Long polymers of glucose broken down as needed for energy. EXAMPLES - Glycogen - Starch 10

11 Glycogen Storage form of glucose in animals **Glycogen & starch are similar in structure because BOTH are made of glucose monomers* Stored in liver and muscle cells in humans.

12 Starch Storage form of glucose in plants Plant cells store starch for energy Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet *Glycogen & starch are similar in structure because BOTH are made of glucose monomers*

Structural Polysaccharides Used as a building material in many organisms EXAMPLES - Cellulose - Chitin 13

14 Cellulose It is a major component of plant cell walls Polymer made up of glucose monomers

15 Cellulose Humans & other animals cannot break down cellulose for energy. Still important as a source of fiber. Bacteria have enzymes to break down cellulose

Chitin Major component of fungi cell walls as well as the exoskeleton of arthropods & insects. 16

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!! 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 biomolecules? A) Nucleic Acids B) Lipids C) Nutrients D) Carbohydrates

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!! 2. What is the name of the preferred energy source of most organisms? A) Sucrose B) Lipids C) Lactose D) Glucose

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!! 3. Polymers make up monomers. A) True B) False

20 Lipids Known for their insolubility in water. Known as hydrophobic –”water fearing” Made up of C,H,and O Our bodies need lipids for energy, storage, insulation, and cushioning

21 Function of Lipids Fats store energy, Insulate the body, Cushion and protect organs, Cushion and protect organs, Serve as a component of the cell membrane. Serve as a component of the cell membrane.

Three Groups of Lipids Fats & Oils Phospholipids Steroids 22

Fats & Oils Made up of glycerol + 1 or more fatty acid tails. 23

Fats & Oils Referred to as fat if lipid is solid at room temp. Usually from animal source. Referred to as an oil if lipid is liquid at room temp. Usually from a plant source. 24

Fats & Oils Classified as saturated or unsaturated Saturated fats have been linked to heart disease. 25

26 Phospholipids Primary component of all cell membranes. Have a head that is polar & attracted to water (hydrophilic) Have 2 fatty acid tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)

27 Steroids Ex: Cholesterol - found in cell membranes of animal cells Used for hormone production & animlal cell structure. Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen

28 Four Types of Proteins Structural Contractile Storage Transport

29 Proteins Molecular tools of the cell Functions include: structure (building cells), support, movement, hormones, enzymes, and metabolism. Contain C,H,O, and N

Proteins Amino Acids – Monomers of proteins are amino acids – There are 20 amino acids that combine in different numbers, orders, and arrangements to form proteins.

31 Proteins as Enzymes One very impt function of proteins is to serve as enzymes A catalyst triggers chemical reactions without being used up in the process. Organisms could not maintain homeostasis without functioning enzymes Enzymes trigger chemical reactions by serving as a catalyst

Nucleic Acids

33 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides

34 Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides Store and carry out the genetic code. Contain information for heredity and for making all the body’s proteins. Contain the elements C,H,O,N, and P

35 Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA – Contains the genetic code for the cell.

36 Ribonucleic Acid RNA – Carries out the instructions in DNA.

37 Adenosine Tri-Phosphate ATP – Provides usuable energy in all cells.

38 Macromolecules

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!! 1. Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids? A) Transport B) Insulation C) Energy D) Cushioning

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!!!! 2) The monomers of protein are A) Nucleotides B) Amino Acids C) Enzymes D) Steriods