Today Parts of vocal tract used in producing vowels

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Presentation transcript:

Today Parts of vocal tract used in producing vowels Articulatory description of vowels IPA symbols for English vowels Speech Synthesis: brief intro Readings: 3.4, 14.4-14.5

Review of Consonants Three-part Articulatory description of consonants: 1) Voicing 2) Place of articulation 3) Manner of articulation [d] = voiced alveolar stop

Vowel articulation Chambers in mouth (above the glottis): Oral cavity Pharynx (behind tongue) Area between lips (Nasal cavity) Length and shape of each chamber affect the ‘resonance’ (or the properties of the vibration) of vowel sound --- pharynx

Listen & then practice front --> back; high --> low Tongue body position Saggital view of tongue positions in vowels 1) Tip 2) body 3) root Your turn...study aids! Listen & then practice front --> back; high --> low

Cut and paste the following link into your web browser to hear the online demo: http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/vocal_vowels/vocal_vowels.html Duck call demo i u e o a SOURCE SOURCE + FILTERS

Articulatory Description 4-part classification system for vowels: 1) Tongue height 2) Frontness vs. backness of tongue [3) Tenseness ** don’t need to know] 4) Lip rounding [ also (5) Nasality (in many languages)]

Vowel height High vowels: tongue body is raised [i] [I] [u] [U] ‘beat’ ‘bit’ ‘boot’ ‘put’ Mid vowels: tongue body is intermediate [eI] [E] [oU] [ç] [ ] [e] [o] ‘bait’ ‘bet’ ‘boat’ ‘bought’ ‘butt’ ‘bore’* Low vowels: tongue body is lowered [Q] [a] ‘bat’ ‘bomb’ ‘bar’ √ [e] [espesijal] [eI] *[eIspeIsijal]

Vowel height high [u] [i] [U] [I] [´] [o] [e] [E] [√] [ç] mid [a] [Q] [√] [ç] [Q] [a] high mid low

Vowel Backness* Front vowels: tongue body is pushed forward [i] [I] [e] [E] [Q] Back vowels: tongue body is pulled back [u] [U] [o] [ç] [a] Central vowels: tongue body is neutral [ç] [ ] √ *book calls this “retraction”

Vowel Backness [u] [i] [U] [I] [´] [o] [e] [E] [√] [ç] [a] [Q] central [√] [ç] [e] [E] [Q] [a] central back front

Vowel Roundedness lit “bed” lu “read” loup “wolf” [li] [ly] [lu] Rounded: produced with rounded lips [u] [o] [ç] [U] Unrounded: produced with unrounded lips [i] [e] [E] [Q] [a] [´] [ ] Many languages also have front rounded vowels (e.g., French) lit “bed” lu “read” loup “wolf” [li] [ly] [lu] √

Vowel Roundedness [i] [I] [u] [U] [e] [E] [´] [o] [ ] [ç] [Q] [a] high [ ] [ç] [Q] [a] high mid low front back central round ʌ

Practice: Articulatory descriptions = High front unrounded = Mid back rounded = Low back unrounded

Diphthongs Two-part vowel sounds consisting of transition from one vowel to another in same syllable [baI] ‘buy’ [beI] ‘bay’ [boU] ‘bow (and arrow)’ [bçI] ‘boy’ [baU] ‘bow (down)’

Application: Speech Synthesis Producing “human-like sounds” Two basic approaches: mimic the sound or mimic the vocal tract shape sound: splice recorded sounds vocal tract shape: duck call (use ‘source-filter theory’: 1--generate a source, 2--generate a filter) Text-to-speech (TTS) grapheme > phoneme > speech (sound)