Reconstruction and The Civil Rights Movement

Union Deaths 360,000 Confederate Deaths 258, Million (1865)

Impact of the Civil War Slavery is Abolished (Done) What problems are created with the end of slavery? Confederate $$$ is worthless Railroads and infrastructure destroyed

Lincoln’s Last Act Wade-Davis Bill Majority of White Men Take a Loyalty Oath No Slavery Elect New Government No Former Government Officials or Confederate Military Leaders Lincoln says NO – It’s too harsh of a punishment Uses a Pocket Veto

President Johnson v. Radical Republicans Andrew Johnson Thaddeus Stevens (PA) Charles Sumner (MA)

Reconstruction Issues What to do with… Confederate Leaders Confederate Soldiers Confederate Citizens Former Slaves Retribution/Justice v. Rehabilitation Rights of citizenship, land, education, etc. Radical Republican Power Grab?

Freedmen’s Bureau Family Reunification Education Basic Needs Affirmative Action

Percentage of Children in School in 1890 and Literacy Rates WhiteBlack % in School50%31% % illiterate15%65%

Reconstruction Review 13 th Amendment – Freed Slaves Black Codes are Enacted (Jim Crow) Blacks cannot… Testify in court, buy property in certain areas, carry firearms, etc. 14 th Amendment – equal protection under the law and citizenship 15 th Amendment – right to vote

To the tune of “Three Blind Mice”: Free, citizens, vote, 13 th, 14 th, 15 th. It all happened after the Civil War, It all happened after the Civil War. Free, citizens, vote, 13 th, 14 th, 15 th.

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 Registered Texas Voters White: 59,633 Black: 49,479 (Blacks were 30%)

Freedmen’s Bureau & Progress Blacks were a majority in MS, LA, and SC 1,000 Elected officials in NC b/t 1894 and 1898

Ku Klux Klan Founded 1866 Pulaski, TN Targeted carpetbaggers, scalawags, and blacks

Issues Carpetbaggers Scalawags Land Issues Sharecropping Racial Tensions Ku Klux Klan

Ulysses S. Grant Inexperienced “Whiskey Ring” Panic of , Democrats won seats in Congress Radical Republicans in Trouble

Compromise of 1877 Samuel Tilden (D) Rutherford B. Hayes (R) VS.

End of Reconstruction Compromise of 1877 Pres. Hayes removes troops from South in order to “win” the Presidency Jim Crow (basically the Black Codes again) No voting, no representation on juries or in law enforcement; separate transportation, movie theatre seating, hospitals, amusement parks, restaurants, bars, hotels, and schools… Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – separate but qual schools are legal (8 to 1 vote)

Mississippi 190,000 black voters in ,000 black voters in 1892 How? “…at no time in the history of our freedom has the effort been made to mold public sentiment against us and our progress so strongly as is now being done. I can no longer live in North Carolina and be a man.” George H. White, North Carolina 2 nd (1901) Last black congressman (70 years until the next)

Wilmington Race Riots “Estimable Lady Grossly Assaulted by Black Negro” Raleigh News and Observer Headline (1890s) 14 killed 1400 fled the city

The Southern Rape Complex The point where the Negro American was furthest behind modern civilization was in his sexual mores. Immodesty, unbridled sexuality, obscenity, social indifference to purity were prevalent characteristics.” Arthur W. Calhoun, Historian “There is only one crime which merits lynching, and Governor as I am, I would lead a mob to lynch the negro who ravishes a white woman.” Ben Tillman, Gov. of South Carolina

5,000 from Reconstruction to1960 Lynching (Marion, IN 1930)

1880 to ,320 blacks were lynched 723 whites were lynched In MS blacks were 56% of the population 90% of prison inmates Why?

3 Options for Southern Blacks Leave – The Great Migration Who left? Protest – organize, file lawsuits, play politics Accommodate – deal with Southern segregation and adapt

Ida Wells (Rosa Parks 2 ) Orphaned at (1 st Railroad Incident) 1884 (2 nd RR Incident) Wrote about Lynching “Nobody in this section of the country believes the old thread-bare lie that Negro men rape white women. If Southern white men are not careful they will overreach themselves and… a conclusion will be reached which will be very damaging to the moral reputation of their women.” Stopping lynching might require blacks “to burn up hole towns.”

Booker, W.E.B., and Marcus “The Great Accommodator” Complete Separation Founder of NAACP

Booker T. Washington (1856 – 1915) Tuskegee Institute – AL Technical School (Lots of Teachers) Accommodation and Segregation

Washington’s Controversial Positions In favor of educational and property qualifications for voting Literacy Test What do you think? Refused to publicly denounce lynching Can you think of any modern issues that politicians avoid?

Education (Separate and Unequal) The Results of Plessy v. Ferguson (1996) “The knowledge of books does not seem to produce any good substantial result with the negro, but serves to sharpen his cunning, breed hopes that cannot be fulfilled… creates an inclination to avoid labor, promotes indolence, and in turn leads to crime.” Gov. James Vardaman, Mississippi In SC in 1915, for every $1 spent on a black child, $5.75 was spent on a white child In 1910, white teachers earned double compared to their black counterparts

W.E.B. Du Bois (1868 – 1963) Founder of NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoples Editor of The Crisis “persistent manly agitation is the way to liberty.” “industrial training and property getting” will not alone work Focus on taking cases to the Supreme Court

The Souls of Black Folk (1903) “The Negro is sort of a seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with second-sight in this American world, - a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets himself see himself through the eyes of others. It is a peculiar sensation this double consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One forever feels his two-ness, - an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings, two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.”

From The Crisis, Du Bois on the subject of a black man being burned alive in Coatesville, PA: Let the eagle scream! Again the burden of upholding the best traditions of Anglo-Saxon civilization has fallen on the sturdy shoulders of the American republic… The flames beat and curled against the moonlit sky. The church bells chimed. The scorched and crooked thing, self-wounded and chained to his cot, crawled to the edge of the ash with a stifled groan, but the brave and sturdy farmers pricked him back with bloody pitchforks until the deed was done. Let the eagle scream! Civilization is again safe.

More Du Bois “We have been cheerfully spit upon and murdered and burned. If we are to die, in God’s name let us perish like men and not like bales of hay.”

Review What were the advantages of Garvey’s black nationalist movement? Disadvantages? What were the advantages of Du Bois’ NAACP? Disadvantages?

The Harlem Renaissance Cotton Club Cotton Club Jazz Blues The Great Migration

Duke Ellington “You’ve just got to a find a way of saying it without saying it.”

Langston Hughes Justice That Justice is a blind goddess Is a thing to which we black are wise: Her bandage hides two festering sores That once perhaps were eyes.

Early victories* of the NAACP Guinn v. United States (1915) No grandfather clause exemption from the literacy test Buchanan v. Warley (1917) Louisville, KY – city ordinance establishing black and white neighborhoods *How did whites get around these rulings?

WWI Era Woodrow Wilson said he would not be “blackmailed” after meeting with black leaders. Birth of a Nation by D.W. Griffith Racist portrayal of Reconstruction Pres. Wilson said, “It’s like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it’s all so terribly true.”

The Harlem Renaissance Cotton Club Cotton Club Jazz Blues The Great Migration

Duke Ellington “You’ve just got to a find a way of saying it without saying it.”

Langston Hughes Justice That Justice is a blind goddess Is a thing to which we black are wise: Her bandage hides two festering sores That once perhaps were eyes.

Marcus Garvey The United Negro Improvement Association The first black nationalist movement “Africa for Africans!” “The will is the thing that rules men; the will is the thing that rules the world. The human will is that force… that the white races have used to make themselves the giants that they are in this world today; and because we fail to use that human will, that accounts for our being pigmies as a race… We are believing that we are still too humble to soar to the heights of independence and freedom and liberty.”

More Garvey “They tell us that God is white. That is a lie. They tell us that all of His angels are white, too. To my mind, everything that is devilish is white. They told as that the devil was a black man. There isn’t a greater devil in the world than the white man.”

The Fall of Garvey Liberia not all that welcoming Black Star Line failed Alienation Complete segregation Met w/ imperial wizard of the KKK Attacked mulattos Napoleon syndrome Jailed for mail fraud in ’25 “Garvey undoubtedly holds today an important and controlling influence over many thousands of the Negro race in the United States. He might become an even greater menace” if released from jail. Attorney General John S. Sargent

Emmett Till He had been beaten and had his eye gouged out before he was shot through the head and thrown into the Tallahatchie River with a 75-pound cotton gin fan tied to his neck with barbed wire. His body was in the river for three days before it was discovered and retrieved by two fishermen Tallahatchie Rivercotton gin barbed wire

The Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Montgomery Bus Boycott Beginning of civil disobedience 1 year Tallahassee, FL The Church

Jackie Robinson (1955)

Little Rock Central (1957) Minnijean Brown

Sit-ins (“Jail-no-bail)

Freedom Riders

SNCC, SCLC, CORE, Nation of Islam, Black Panther Party, Lions, Tigers, Bears Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Diane Nash and John Lewis Congress on Racial Equality Southern Christian Leadership Conference MLK Nation of Islam Malcolm X Black Panther Party Bobby Seale, Huey Newton, Eldridge Cleaver

March on Washington March on Washington (1963)

4 Little Girls

Birmingham, AL (1963)

MLK

Malcolm X

Selma

Rosa Parks

Dogs