1. Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court Case
Declared “Separate but equal accommodations for whites and blacks” was legal.
Made segregation legal.
Jim Crow Laws remained in the South.

2. Booker T. Washington Born a slave in Virginia.
Moderate reformer – accepted segregation
Vocational Education – African Americans needed to gain skills to be gradually accepted by whites

3. W.E.B. DuBois Radical reformer
First African American to graduate from Harvard.
Education was essential to equality.
Wanted immediate equality.
Against Washington’s plan.

4. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Founded in 1909
W.E.B. DuBois helped start this organization.

5. Brown v. Board of Education
May 17, 1954
Brown argues segregation in schools was unconstitutional.
Brown wins and it leads to desegregation.
Example of desegregation
Little Rock, Arkansas - “Little Rock Nine”
Central High School admitted its first African American students.

6. Thurgood Marshall Lawyer for Brown v. Board of Education
Later became the first African American on the Supreme Court.

7. Response in Virginia Massive resistance to desegregation. Examples
Establishment of Private Schools.
Many whites leave urban school systems.
Oliver Hill - Virginia NAACP fought for desegregation.

8. Important Figures
Rosa Parks - early Civil Rights figure, refused to move from her seat on a bus to allow a white passenger to sit down.
Martin Luther King Jr. - organized a march in support for Parks. Montgomery Bus Boycott. Began MLK Jr.’s career as a Civil Rights leader.

9. Martin Luther King Jr. Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Sit-Ins, Civil Disobedience, non- violent protest strategies .
1963 Civil Rights March, million man march, Non-violent mass protest, “I have a dream” speech.

10. Freedom Riders
Bus trips to the south with whites and blacks on board. Meant to provoke violent reaction to force the government to get involved.
Buses are attacked, one is firebombed, people are beaten.
Creates outrage, President Kennedy supports the groups.

11. Civil Rights Act of 1964
Lyndon B. Johnson continues John F. Kennedy’s work.
Prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, national origin, or gender.
Gives citizens right to enter libraries, parks, washrooms, restaurants, theaters, and other public places.

12. Voting Rights Act of 1965
Eliminated literacy tests that disqualified many voters.
Enrolled those previously denied.
Numbers of African Americans who could vote greatly increased.

13. Segregation in the North
De facto segregation - segregation by practice or custom, not law.
Suburbs vs. cities.
Riots in New York, Detroit, and Los Angeles over racial issues.

14. New Leaders Malcolm X – Nation of Islam
Stokely Carmichael – Black Power Movement
Black Panthers

15. Stokely Carmichael
The Black Panthers

16. Civil Rights Leaders are Assassinated
Malcolm X
Martin Luther King Jr.
Robert F. Kennedy
Both killed in 1968.

17. D.C. Riots – Response to MLK Assassination

18. Legacy
Increased participation in politics and education by African Americans.
Movement changed to focus on inequality, poverty, and racism after the end of segregation.
Affirmative Action
Election of Barack Obama. (first African American president)