1. The End of Reconstruction Two-Column Note Activity

2. The final scorecard: Was Reconstruction a success? Yes and no! The “plus” side 1. 1. Slavery was ended forever everywhere in the U.S. 2. African Americans were made full citizens of the U.S. 3. African Americans were given full legal equality with whites. 4. African Americans were given voting rights equal to whites. 5. African Americans started being elected to public office. 6. Northern businessmen moved into the South and helped start new businesses and industry. 7. Southern states began creating free public schools. The “minus” side 1. Congress did not approve a plan to help freed slaves get land of their own. This left most freedmen with little choice but to work as laborers on farms owned by white landowners. 2. The decision to sent federal troops to supervise the Southern state government kept alive bitter feelings. 3. Anger and resentment during Reconstruction left many white Southerners determined to push blacks out of the voting process one way or another.

3. Reconstruction = Problems Conflicts Many people in the North and South were calling for the withdrawal of federal troops. With Johnson’s lenient plan for readmitting the rebel states into the Union, many Southern states took back political control and mandated Black Codes. These state laws were an ill-disguised attempt to institute a system of near-slavery. Not all Republicans opposed Johnson’s agenda. Congressional Republicans were divided intjo two camps, Radicals wanted strong federal measures to advance black people’s civil rights and economic independence. In contrast, moderates were more concerned with the free market and economic development. Most white Southerners considered the federal Reconstruction policies harsh and unfair. They also resented the “Carpetbaggers” –Northerners who went south to take economic advantage of the South’s destruction and upheaval.

4. Sequence of events. Civil War Ends 13 th Amendment ended slavery in the U.S. Black Codes – laws written by Southern state governments that limited the rights of the former slaves. Northern soldiers were ordered back into the South to supervise and control Southern states. Freedmen’s Bureau – a federal agency set up to give help to former slaves. African Americans in the South could vote and hold public office. Former Southern military leaders could not hold public office. See a problem? List at list 3 issues!

5. The Election of 1876 Republican: Rutherford B. Hayes Democrat: Samuel Tilden

6. Compromise of 1877 Election of 1876 The results of the voting in the presidential election of 1876 were so close that no winner could be determined Leaders in Congress had to decide the winner. A Compromise in Congress Leaders in Congress finally agreed to reach a compromise decision. They said they would declare Rutherford B. Hayes the winner, if he would agree to end Reconstruction. Reconstruction Ends in 1877 As agreed, the president issued an order in 1877 to bring all the federal troops out of the South. The removal of federal troops from the South marks the end of Reconstruction.

7. The Rise of Jim Crow laws and Segregation in the American South.

8. Led to What? Required separation of the races Made discrimination legal Led to segregation

9. Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court Case ooo The Plessy V. Ferguson case of 1896 has many similarities to Rosa Parks’ case against the Montgomery Bus Company some sixty years later. Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in a railroad car which was reserved for whites only. Unfortunately, Plessy’s case did not end with victory, as Rosa Parks’ would in 1956. Plessy’s arrest was upheld, and led to the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy V. Ferguson, which stated that the law could allow for “separate but equal” facilities. Everything from seating on trains to public schools could remain segregated, as long as equal facilities were created for blacks (or Mexican-Americans, Filipino-Americans, Chinese or Japanese- Americans, etc.)