Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 7 Race and Ethnic Relations This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease or lending of the program.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Myth or Fact? The Civil Rights Act, affirmative action, and other social policies have eliminated racism in the U.S. Of all American minorities, American Indians remain among the poorest. Myth Fact
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Minority Groups A minority group is a group whose members share distinct physical or cultural characteristics, are denied access to power and resources available to other groups, and are accorded fewer rights, privileges, and opportunities.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity Race a group of people who are believed to be a biological group sharing genetically transmitted traits that are defined as important. Ethnic group a group of people who share a common historical and cultural heritage and sense of group identity and belongingness.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Racism Racism is the view that certain racial or ethnic groups are biologically inferior and that practices involving their domination and exploitation are therefore justified.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice an irrational attitude toward certain people based solely on their membership in a particular group Discrimination behaviors, particularly unequal treatment of people because they are members of a particular group Prejudice and discrimination result from social and psychological sources.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination Merton demonstrated that sometimes prejudice and discrimination do not go together. Discriminates Does not discriminate Prejudiced Prejudiced Discriminator Prejudiced Nondiscriminator Not Prejudiced Unprejudiced Discriminator Unprejudiced Nondiscriminator
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Sources Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own group or culture as an in-group that follows the best and the only proper way to live. Competition Competitive situations can lead to prejudice and discrimination. A split labor market is one in which there are two groups of workers willing to do the same work, but for different wages. Internal colonialism refers to when a subordinate group provides cheap labor that benefits the dominate group and is then further exploited by having to purchase expensive goods and services from the dominant group.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Sources Socialization Once patterns of prejudice and discrimination become legitimated, they can then be transmitted to new members through the process of socialization. Institutionalized Discrimination Institutionalized discrimination is the inequitable treatment of a group resulting from practices or policies that are incorporated into social, political or economic institutions and that operate independently from the prejudices of individuals.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychological Sources Stereotyping Stereotypes are oversimplified images in which each element or person in a category is assumed to possess all the characteristics associated with that category. Frustration and aggression Frustration and aggression arise when people become frustrated by their inability to achieve sought after goals.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychological Sources Authoritarian personality Authoritarian personality refers to a rigid adherence to conventional lifestyles and values, admiration of power and toughness in interpersonal relationships, submission to authority, cynicism, an emphasis on obedience, and a fear of things that are different.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Consequences of Discrimination Discrimination forces some groups into a disadvantageous position in the stratification system and adversely affects their life chances may cause those who feel it to accept the devalued and stigmatized view of themselves creates tense, hostile, and sometimes violent encounters between dominant members and minority group members undermines our social and political values and institutions
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the United States The United States is composed of many racial and ethnic groups. African Americans Hispanic Americans American Indians Asian Americans Arab Americans
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Group Interaction Genocide Expulsion or population transfer Colonialism Segregation Acculturation Pluralism Assimilation Amalgamation
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Genocide Annihilation of an entire nation or people. In the 20th century Hitler led the Nazi extermination of 12 million people in the Holocaust. In the early 1990s ethnic Serbs attempted to eliminate Muslims from parts of Bosnia.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Genocide In 1994 genocide took pace in Rwanda when Hutus slaughtered hundreds of thousands of Tutsis. Currently in the Darfur region of Sudan, the Sudanese government, using Arab janaweed militias, its air force, and organized starvation, is systematically killing the black Sudanese population.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Genocide In 1994 Hutus in Rwanda committed genocide against the Tutsis, resulting in 800,000 deaths.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Expulsion or Population Transfer Occurs when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave the country or to live only in designated areas of the country. The 1830 Indian Removal Act called for the relocation of eastern tribes to land west of the Mississippi River.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Colonialism A racial or ethnic group from one society dominates the racial or ethnic group(s) of another society. Examples: European invasion of North America, British occupation of India Puerto Rico is essentially a colony whose residents are U.S. citizens, but they cannot vote in presidential elections unless they move to the mainland.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Segregation Physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions. de jure ( by law) de facto (in fact)
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Segregation in the U.S. Between 1890 and 1910, Jim Crow laws prohibited blacks from using “white” buses, hotels, restaurants, and drinking fountains. In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court supported de jure segregation by declaring that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional. Beginning in the 1950s various rulings overturned the Jim Crow laws, making it illegal to enforce racial segregation.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Acculturation Refers to adopting the culture of a group different from the one in which a person was originally raised. Acculturation may involve learning the dominant language and adopting new values and behaviors.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Pluralism Refers to a state in which racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctness but respect each other and have equal access to social resources. In Switzerland, four ethnic groups—French, Italians, Germans, and Swiss Germans— maintain their distinct cultural heritage and group identity in an atmosphere of mutual respect and social equality.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Assimilation The process by which formerly separate groups merge and become integrated as one. Secondary assimilation occurs when different groups become integrated in public areas and social institutions, such as neighborhoods, schools, workplaces, and government. Primary assimilation occurs when members of different groups are integrated in personal, associations, as with friends, family, and spouses.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Amalgamation When different ethnic or racial groups become married or pair-bonded and produce children. 19 states had laws banning interracial marriage until 1967, when they were declared unconstitutional.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Amalgamation Since 1960: Number of black-white married couples has increased fivefold Number of Asian-white married couples has increased tenfold Number of Hispanics married to non- Hispanics has tripled
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Today’s Immigrants Today 14% of immigrants come from Europe, 33% come from Asia and another 41% come from Mexico and Central and South America.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Future Prospects Today the most common types of relationships between racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. are: Assimilation Pluralism
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Future Prospects Techniques that have been used to try to improve race and ethnic relations in the U.S. include: collective protest and civil rights legislation affirmative action programs school programs and busing improving the economy