1. Chapter 9
Race and Ethnicity

2. Race: Myth and Reality The Reality of Human Variety
The Myth of Pure Races
The Myth of a Fixed Number of Races
The Myth of Racial Superiority
The Myth Continues
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3. Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups
Module 31
Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups
Racial group:
Group set apart from others because of obvious physical differences
Ethnic group:
Group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin and/or distinctive cultural patterns

4. Module 31
Minority Groups
Minority group: Subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives
Properties of minority groups include:
Unequal treatment
Distinguishing cultural characteristics
Involuntary membership
Solidarity
In-group marriage

5. Module 31
Minority Groups
Minority group does not necessarily imply a smaller number.
South African prior to the end of apartheid
Black South Africans were 79% of the total population and yet they were the minority group
White South Africans were 9.6% of the population and yet they were the majority group

6. Module 31
Race
Research shows that race is not a meaningful way of differentiating people
Racial group refers to these minorities
Social construction of race: Society socially constructs which differences are important

7. Historical Efforts to Define Race
Linnaeus: 4 human races
Blumenbach: 5 human races
Cuvier: 3 human races
Hunter: 7 human races
Burke: 63 human races
Pickering: 11 human races

8. Historical Efforts to Define Race
Very: 2 species; 3 in races each
Haeckel: 36 human races
Huxley: 4 human races
Topinard: 19 races under 3 headings
Desmoulins: 16 species
Deniker: 17 races and 30 types

9. Module 31
Race
Racial formation: Sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed
Native Americans
“One-drop rule”

10. Race Recognition of Multiple Identities
Module 31
Race
Recognition of Multiple Identities
In 1990, Du Bois predicted “the color line” foremost problem of 20th century
Immigration from Latin America shows fluid nature of race formation
Biracial society being replaced by triracial
Stereotypes: Unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences with the group

11. Module 31
Prejudice Attitude
Prejudice: Negative attitude toward an entire category of people
Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume one’s culture and way of life are superior to others
Racism: Belief that one race is supreme and others are innately inferior

12. Discriminatory Behavior
Module 31
Discriminatory Behavior
Discrimination: Denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias
Discrimination persists even for educated and qualified minority members
Glass ceiling: invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity

13. Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudiced
Attitude?
Discriminatory
behavior?
Unprejudiced
nondiscriminator No
discriminator
Yes
Nondiscriminator
Discriminator

14. Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Group Interaction
Genocide
Colonialism
Segregation
Acculturation
Pluralism
Assimilation
Amalgamation

15. Genocide Annihilation of an entire nation or people.
In the 20th century Hitler led the Nazi extermination of 12 million people in the Holocaust.
In the early 1990s ethnic Serbs attempted to eliminate Muslims from parts of Bosnia.

16. Genocide
In 1994 genocide took pace in Rwanda when Hutus slaughtered hundreds of thousands of Tutsis.
Currently in the Darfur region of Sudan, the Sudanese government, using Arab janaweed militias, its air force, and organized starvation, is systematically killing the black Sudanese population.

17. Colonialism
A racial or ethnic group from one society takes over and dominates the racial or ethnic group(s) of another society.
Examples: European invasion of North America, British occupation of India, Dutch presence in South Africa before the end of apartheid

18. Segregation
Physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions.
de jure ( by law)
de facto (in fact)

19. Expulsion or Population Transfer
Occurs when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave the country or to live only in designated areas of the country.
The 1830 Indian Removal Act called for the relocation of eastern tribes to land west of the Mississippi River.

20. Acculturation
Refers to adopting the culture of a group different from the one in which a person was originally raised.
Acculturation may involve learning the dominant language and adopting new values and behaviors.

21. Pluralism
Refers to a state in which racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctness but respect each other and have equal access to social resources.
In Switzerland, four ethnic groups—French, Italians, Germans, and Swiss Germans—maintain their distinct cultural heritage and group identity in an atmosphere of mutual respect and social equality.

22. Assimilation
The process by which formerly distinct and separate groups merge and become integrated as one.
Secondary assimilation: integration in public areas and social institutions, such as neighborhoods, schools, workplaces, and government.
Primary assimilation integration in personal, associations, as with friends, family, and spouses.

23. Amalgamation
When different ethnic or racial groups become married or pair-bonded and produce children.
Since 1960:
Number of black-white married couples has increased fivefold
Number of Asian-white married couples has increased tenfold
Number of Hispanics married to non-Hispanics has tripled

24. Ethnic Groups People often confuse the terms race and ethnic group
Race Refers to Biological Characteristics
Ethnicity Refers to Cultural Characteristics
Common Ancestry
Cultural Heritage
Nations of Origin
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25. Minority and Dominant Groups
Minority Group - People Singled Out for Unequal Treatment
Minority Group Not Necessarily Numerical Minority
Emergence of Minority Groups
Expansion of political boundaries
Migration
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26. Minority and Dominant Groups
Dominant Group - Group with Most…
Power
Privileges
Highest Social Status
Dominant Group Does the Discriminating
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27. Constructing Racial-Ethnic Identity
Sense of Ethnicity
Relative Size
Power
Appearance
Discrimination
Ethnic Work and the Melting Pot
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28. Prejudice and Discrimination
Learning Prejudice
Prejudice vs. Discrimination
Learning from Association
Far-Reaching Nature of Prejudice
Internalizing Dominant Norms
Lighter/Darker Skin
Ethnic Maps
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29. Individual and Institutional Discrimination
Home Mortgages
African Americans and Latinos were 60 percent more likely to be rejected
Health Care
Discrimination does not have to be deliberate
Researchers do not know why race–ethnicity is a factor in medical decisions
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30. Theories of Prejudice Psychological Perspectives
Frustration and Scapegoats
The Authoritarian Personality
Sociological Perspectives
Functionalism
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31. Theories of Prejudice Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism
Keep Workers Insecure
Exploit Racial-Ethnic Divisions
Symbolic Interactionism
How Labels Create Prejudice
Labels and Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes
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32. Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Europeans Americans
White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASPs) held deep prejudices against other whites
Nation’s Founders Included Only Those from England
Other “White” Europeans Inferior
Naturalization Act of 1790: only white immigrants could apply for citizenship
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33. Race-Ethnicity of the U.S. Population
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34. U.S. Racial-Ethnic Groups
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35. The Distribution of Dominant and Minority Groups
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36. Geographical Origins of U.S. Latinos
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37. Where U.S. Latinos Live
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39. Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Asian-Americans
Background of Discrimination
Diversity
Reasons for Success
Family life
Educational achievement
Assimilation into mainstream culture
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40. Countries of Origin of Asian Americans
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41. Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States: Native Americans
Diversity of Groups
From Treaties to Genocide and Population Transfer
The Invisible Minority and Self-Determination
Pan-Indianism
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