1. Chapter 11
Race and Ethnicity

2. Definitions
Race
A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted
Traits that members of a society consider important
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3. Definitions Meanings and importance of race vary across time and place
No society contains biologically “pure” people.
More genetic variation within each racial “category” than between “categories”
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4. Definitions For most people, ethnicity is more complex than race
Ethnicity–a shared cultural heritage
The United States is a multiethnic society
Like race, ethnicity is socially constructed
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5. Definitions
Remember: Race is constructed from biological traits and ethnicity is constructed
From cultural traits, such as ancestory, language, or religion
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7. Minority General characteristics
Distinct identity: Race, sex, sexual orientation, the poor
Subordination: Often saddled with lower status
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8. Minority Stereotypes, stigma, and labeling
Group size not always a factor
Women in US outnumber men
Blacks in South Africa outnumber whites
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9. Where the Minority Majority Already Exists
Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2011)
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10. Prejudice
Prejudice–A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people.
Stereotype–An exaggerated description applied to every person in some category
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11. Measuring Prejudice The Social Distance Scale
Student opinion shows a trend toward greater social acceptance.
People see fewer differences among various minorities
September 11, 2001, might have reduced social acceptance of Arabs and Muslims
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12. Bogardus Social Distance Research
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13. Racism
The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
Racism has been widespread throughout US history where ideas about racial
Inferiority supported slavery
Overt racism in the US has decreased, but remains a serious social problem
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14. Theories of Prejudice Scapegoat theory
Disadvantaged people who unfairly blame minorities for their own problems
Authoritarian personality theory
Rigid moralists see things in “black & white”
Culture theory
Prejudice is embedded in culture
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15. Theories of Prejudice Conflict theory
Self-justification for the rich and powerful in the United States
Minorities might cultivate climate of race consciousness for greater power & privileges
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16. IQ: The Distribution of Intelligence
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17. Discrimination Institutional prejudice and discrimination
Bias built to operation of society’s institutions
Carmichael and Hamilton:
People are slow to condemn or recognize institutional prejudice & discrimination
Because it often involves respected public officials and long-established practices
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18. The Vicious Circle
Prejudice and discrimination begin as ethnocentric attitudes
Groups can be placed in a situation where they’re socially disadvantaged & labeled
A group’s situation is explained as a result of innate inferiority rather than looking at
The social structure; The cycle repeats itself
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19. Prejudice and Discrimination: The Vicious Circle
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20. Majority and Minority Patterns of Interaction
Pluralism–People of all races & ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing
Assimilation–Minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
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21. Majority and Minority Patterns of Interaction
Segregation–The physical and social separation of categories of people
Genocide–The systematic killing of one category of people by another
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22. Race and Ethnicity in the US
Native Americans
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
African Americans
Asian Americans
Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipinos
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23. Land Controlled by Native Americans, 1784 to Today
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27. Race and Ethnicity in the US
Hispanic/Latino Americans
Mexican, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans
Arab Americans
White Ethnic Americans
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29. and Arab Americans, by County
The Concentration of Hispanics or Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans,
and Arab Americans, by County
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30. and Arab Americans, by County
The Concentration of Hispanics or Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans,
and Arab Americans, by County
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31. and Arab Americans, by County
The Concentration of Hispanics or Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans,
and Arab Americans, by County
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32. and Arab Americans, by County
The Concentration of Hispanics or Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans,
and Arab Americans, by County
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34. Race and Ethnicity: Looking Ahead
The US will remain a land of immigrants.
Most immigrants arrived in a wave that peaked about 1910
Immigration post WWII & swelled as govt relaxed immigration laws in 1960s
Now: Immigrants from Latin America, Asia; Mexicans, Asian Indians, & Filipinos
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