TH12/20/12; W12/8/10; M 12/8/08 Reconstruction Overview (Ch & 16.2; pp )

I. Intro pivotal period for civil rights ( ) established legal equality between races rebuild South (economy & society) and country (unity) 2 big Q’s: – 1. freemen equality? economy? – 2. southern states punish or forgive Cong. or Pres.

II. Competing Plans A. Lincoln’s Plan Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction – 10% Plan – oath of loyalty Secession not legal – never legally left 4 states already returned – TN, AR, LA, VA – later rejected by Congress – FORGIVE

II. Competing Plans (cont.) B. Congressional Plan Wade-Davis Bill – 50% Plan – secession = state suicide – reapply – Cong. decides pocket veto by Lincoln – Never ratified – PUNISH Henry Winter Davis (MD) & Benjamin Wade (OH)

II. Competing Plans (cont.) C. Lincoln’s Assassination John Wilkes Booth – Ford’s theater – “sic semper tyrannus” “accidental President” – Andrew Johnson unclear future – esp. b/c Lincoln great accomodater

III. Presidential Reconstruction A. Background Andrew Johnson – TN – Sen. – Union – Union ticket – poor – tailor – “rags to riches” – illiterate – distrusted planters

III. Presidential Reconstruction (cont.) B. Johnson’s Plan similar to Lincoln’s – 10% plan – excluded planter class – no black suffrage pardons most Confed. – Confed. back in power Alex Stephens – VP of Conf. during Cong. Break – Congress refuses to seat S

III. Presidential Reconstruction (cont.) C. Black Codes state laws – restricted blacks – homeless – work – bond – indentured serv. recreates slavery “home rule” ****later abolished by Congress**** Q: Why did North win war, if Confederates back in power? Who really won war?

IV. Johnson vs. Congress A. Congress refuse to seat S states must reapply Johnson wants S back ASAP Confrontation w/ Congress begins

IV. Johnson vs. Congress (cont.) B. Vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau – O.O. Howard – welfare – freed slaves; poor whites Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Will need something more permanent Congress overrides both – 1 st major legislation to override veto

IV. Johnson vs. Congress (cont.) C. 14 th Amendment guarantees civil rights Cong. requirement for statehood – TN rejoins when accepts 14 th – prior to other states D. Election of 1866 Cong. Election/Midterm Election Congress vs. Pres. Overwhelming victory for Reps – 2/3 in H.O.R. 4/5 in Sen AJ alienates moderate Reps. create Joint Committee on Reconstruction

V. Congressional Reconstruction A. Reconstruction Act of 1867 Feb. ‘67 veto; March ’67 override military districts disfranchised many Confed. – Congress pardon 14 th Amendment

V. Congressional Reconstruction (cont.) B. Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens – PA Charles Sumner – MA Johnson alienated moderate Reps.

V. Congressional Reconstruction (cont.) C. Impeachment Battle Senate vs. Pres. power Tenure of Office Act – March ’67 – Cong. approval to remove cabinet Edwin M. Stanton – Sec. War removed AJ impeached – March to May – 1 vote short (35-19) – “lame duck” – [discussion of power fight – Cong. vs. Pres.]

V. Congressional Reconstruction (cont.) D. 15 th Amendment guarantee black vote permanent b/c afraid of later restriction woman’s suffrage? No, for now – focus on black rights

VI. Republican Coalition want to establish Rep. party in S 3 parts to coalition – 1. freedmen 15 th Amend. – 2. scalawags S Republicans many loyal to Union often POPB – 3. Carpetbaggers N Republicans moved to S “outsiders” about 20K Disfranchisement of Confederate leaders – ~10-15% of voters – changed w/Amnesty Act – 1872

VII. White Resistance several groups – esp. KKK – formed in TN – 1866 – intimidate, beat, kill Enforcement Acts, – 3 separate laws – federal supervision of elections – limited suspension of habeas corpus – ended widespread terror role of federal gov’t – state rights = Confed./white rule – federal rights = Rep./“black” rule must have federal troops to enforce laws