1. Reconstruction ( )

2. When the war ended, the South was in ruins.
homes were burned
businesses closed
properties abandoned
freed African Americans lacked full citizenship and the means to make a living
Richmond, Virginia

3. The Dilemma of Reconstruction
How will the Southern states rejoin the Union?
Tried for treason?
Pardoned, so healing can begin?
Method of Southern Representatives reclaim seats in U.S. Congress- no provision in the Constitution of secession
Should the President or Congress lead the way?

4. The Dilemma of Reconstruction
How will the Southern economy be rebuilt?
Should the land benefit the slaves- “forty acres and a mule”?
Given back to Southern owners?
Bought from white southerners and sold to former slaves?

5. The Dilemma of Reconstruction
What rights will African-Americans have?
13th Amendment freed slaves but did not give them equal rights
Need to gain the right to vote/access to education
Many leaders of the Republican Party supported these ideas but white southerners opposed it

6. Lincoln Sets a Moderate Course
Reunify the nation
In 1863 issued “Ten Percent Plan”—as soon as ten percent of a state’s voters took a loyalty oath to the Union, the state could set up a new government
If state’s constitution abolished slavery and provided education for African Americans it could regain representation in Congress
Was willing to grant pardons to former Confederates, and consider compensating them for lost property
Did not require a guarantee of social or political equality for African-Americans

7. Congress and the Radical Republicans
Opposed Lincoln’s plan- Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner
Insisted that the Confederates had committed crimes by enslaving African Americans and leading the nation into war
Advocated full citizenship, including the right to vote for African Americans
Favored punishment and harsh terms for the South
Supported plan to confiscate Confederates’ land and give farms to freed men
Helped to pass the Wade-Davis Bill which required that a majority of the state’s prewar voters swear loyalty to the Union before restoration could begin, also demanded guarantees of African American equality

8. Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
Lincoln and the Radical Republicans in Congress were at odds in their proposals to rebuild the South.
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
Wade-Davis Bill
10 percent of state’s voters needed to take a loyalty oath
a state’s new constitution must have abolished slavery
required a majority of state’s prewar voters to swear loyalty to the Union
required guarantees of African American equality
vetoed by Congress
passed by Congress, pocket vetoed by Lincoln

9. Lincoln and the Radical Republicans agreed to establish the Freedmen’s Bureau.
The newly-formed organization helped feed, clothe, and educate blacks and whites in the South.

10. Johnson Takes Over! Like Lincoln, easy readmission
After Lincoln’s death, President Andrew Johnson wanted to restore the status of the southern states.
Like Lincoln, easy readmission
Offered pardons and the restoration of land to Confederates who swore allegiance to the Union and the Constitution
Each Southern state must ratify the Thirteenth Amendment
and draft a constitution that abolished slavery
Resented wealthy planters and required Confederate leaders to write a letter to him personally to apply for a pardon
“government for white men” and did not want African Americans to have the right to vote
Supported states’ rights, which would allow them to limit the freedoms of their former slaves

11. By December 1865, most southern states had met Johnson’s requirements for readmission to the Union.
All southern states instituted “black codes”- restriction on jobs (many blacks become (sharecroppers), land, rise of KKK
Many states specifically limited the vote to white men.
Some states sent Confederate officials to Congress.
During the required state conventions, however, southern states tried to rebuild their prewar world. 11

12. the Civil Rights Act of 1866- federal guarantee of civil rights
The South’s disregard of Reconstruction efforts angered moderates and Radical Republicans.
In response, Congress passed new legislation over President Johnson’s veto. The legislation included
the Civil Rights Act of federal guarantee of civil rights
the Fourteenth Amendment-equality of all citizens
the division of the South into five military districts. 12

13. Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

14. Radical Republicans Impeach Johnson
Power struggle between Congress and Johnson reach a climax in 1867
Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act- President needs approval before removing certain people from office- put in place to protect radical Republicans
President Johnson
Sec. of War Stanton

15. Eventually, the House voted to impeach Johnson.
Johnson’s opponents failed by one Senate vote to remove him from office.

16. Election of 1868 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant won election in 1868
Even though Grant won easily the Democratic candidate Horatio Seymour won a majority of the Southern votes.

18. To protect the voting rights of African-Americans the new President, Ulysses S. Grant, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment.
The
Fifteenth
Amendment,
1870
No citizen can be denied the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”