1. 12.1 The Politics of Reconstruction
Objectives:
Summarize President Lincoln’s Reconstruction policies
Identify differences between presidential and congressional Reconstruction policies.
Summarize reasons for President Johnson’s impeachment.
Plot the steps taken by Congress to protect the rights of former slaves.

2. RECONSTRUCTION When was Reconstruction? What is being re-constructed?
How long did it last?
Who did the “constructing”?
Did it work?

3. RECONSTRUCTION PLANS
LINCOLN’S 1863 PLAN:
10% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union
Pledge to abide by emancipation
Focused on pardon of individuals by President
WADE-DAVIS BILL, 1864:
50% of 1860 voters must swear allegiance to Union
STRONG safeguards for emancipation
Focused on pardon of states by Congress
* Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, exposed split b/w Moderate and Radical Republicans

4. Taking the Oath of Allegiance
These white southerners are shown taking the oath of allegiance to the United States in 1865 as part of the process of restoring civil government in the South. The Union soldiers and officers are administering the oath. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. Charles Sumner
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
Charles Sumner (left), Senator from Massachusetts, and
Thaddeus Stevens, (right), Congressman from Pennsylvania, led the Radical Republican faction in Congress. (Portraits from Library of Congress)
What is a Radical Republican?

6. What were the Radical Republicans worried about?
Southern States, with more new seats in Congress, would control the Federal govt. and halt Reconstruction.
WHY DID THE SOUTH HAVE MORE POWER NOW?
Freedmen counted FULLY, no longer 3/5.

7. Pres. Andrew Johnson WHO WAS HE?
VP to Lincoln in 1864 to attract pro- Union Democrats to Union Party
Humble origins, self-educated, self-made man
From Tennessee, slave-owner
Pro-Union, appointed war time governor
Pro states’ rights
Portrait of Andrew Johnson
(Library of Congress)

8. JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN (1865):
HOW WAS IT DIFFERENT FROM CONGRESS’ PLAN?
Called “Presidential Reconstruction”
Same as 10% plan of Lincoln, BUT
Disenfranchised leading Confederates and Planter class ($20,000 property or more)
Special State Convention to repeal secession laws, repudiate Confederate debts, ratify 13th amendment
*Johnson granted many pardons-enraging Radical Reps.

9. OBJECTIVE: How did Presidential and Congressional plans for Reconstruction differ?

10. THE FREEDMEN Freedmen’s Bureau (lasted from 1865-1872)
What was the job of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
- distribute food and clothing
- help house
- help educate
- help train for independence
Why did Pres. Johnson veto the Freedmen’s Bureau?

11. King Andrew
King Andrew
This Thomas Nast cartoon, published in Harper's Weekly just before the 1866 congressional elections, conveyed Republican antipathy to Andrew Johnson. The president is depicted as an autocratic tyrant. Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, upper right, has his head on the block and is about to lose it. The Republic sits in chains. (Harper's Weekly, 1866)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

12. REPUBLICAN CONGRESS VS. “ANDY VETO”
South returns “whitewashed rebels” to Congress
Republicans close Congress to “rebels” Dec. 4, 1865
Johnson recognizes Southern states Dec. 6, 1865
Johnson vetoes extension of Freedmen’s Bureau
Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Bill of 1866
Republicans pass 14th Amendment – DOES NOT GRANT RIGHT TO VOTE TO FREEDMEN!!!
Johnson defeated in 1866 Congressional Elections
How could a President be “defeated” in a Congressional election?

13. Congressional Reconstruction/ Military Reconstruction: 1867-1877:
South divided into 5 military districts
Disenfranchised former Confederates
Req. South to ratify 14th Amendment
Req. South to guarantee full suffrage to Freedmen :
Fifteenth Amendment passed to ensure suffrage
Federal troops enforce Reconstruction until 1877

14. Map: The Reconstruction
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

15. Johnson Impeached 1867: Congress passes “Tenure of Office Act”
Johnson fires Sec. Of War Stanton, a Radical sympathizer in the Administration
House of Reps votes 126 to 47 to impeach
Senate fails to remove from office by ONE vote
NOTE: Vice Presidency still vacant – many fear Ben Wade as President, despite dislike of Johnson

17. Grant Administration
Grant (Republican) wins 214 electoral votes to Seymour’s (Democrat) 80
NOTE: Grant only wins popular vote by 300,000
SIGNIFICANCE: The approx. 500,000 to 700,000 Freedmen’s votes swing election to Grant.

18. TERMS
Objectives:
Summarize President Lincoln’s Reconstruction policies
Identify differences between presidential and congressional Reconstruction policies.
Summarize reasons for President Johnson’s impeachment.
Plot the steps taken by Congress to protect the rights of former slaves.
Andrew Johnson
Reconstruction
Radical Republicans
Thaddeus Stevens
Wade-Davis Bill
Freedmen’s Bureau
Black codes
Fourteenth Amendment
Fifteenth Amendment