Making Safe and Drug-Free Decisions

In your Teen Health textbook, the “Making Safe & Drug-Free Decisions” unit is Unit 4 (Pages 266-339) Ch 11: Medicines and Drugs (269-295) Ch 12: Tobacco (296-317) Ch 13: Alcohol (319-339)

This presentation will focus on the topic of DRUGS We have other separate lessons on: ALCOHOL and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM & SMOKING This presentation will focus on the topic of DRUGS

This slide show will cover: Definitions Classifying Drugs and Medicines Types of Medicines How Drugs enter the Body Cycle of Addiction Why People Use Drugs Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Narcotics Marijuana (THC) Club Drugs Inhalants

PART 1: Definitions

What are DRUGS? Substances (other than food) that change the structure or function of the body or mind

Examples of DRUGS: Cough Medicine Tylenol Penicillin Blood Pressure Pills Alcohol Tobacco Crack Cocaine Marijuana

What is a PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG? Mind-altering drugs Drugs that affect a person’s mood or behavior Not all drugs are mind altering What is a PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG?

Examples of PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: Alcohol & Depressants Nicotine, Caffeine, Stimulants Marijuana (THC) LSD, PCP, and Hallucinogens Heroin, Morphine, Narcotics Club Drugs, Inhalants Examples of PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS:

What are MEDICINES? Drugs used to treat or prevent diseases or other conditions

Examples of MEDICINES: Insulin for Diabetes Advil for Headaches Polio Vaccine Rolaids for Upset Stomach Allegra for Allergies

Effects of a medicine other than the one intended What are SIDE EFFECTS?

FOR EXAMPLE: Aspirin may cause stomach irritation or allergy medicine may make you drowsy

Using a drug or medicine for its intended purpose What is DRUG USE? Using a drug or medicine for its intended purpose

Examples of DRUG USE: Taking Tylenol as directed for a headache Following a prescription of Insulin for Diabetes An adult having a glass of wine at dinner

Taking a drug which results in short-term, problems These problems might be mild or severe, depending on the drug What is DRUG MISUSE?

Examples of DRUG MISUSE: Not following a prescription Using someone else’s medicine Taking too much of a drug Getting drunk and acting foolish Examples of DRUG MISUSE:

What is DRUG ABUSE? Taking a drug which results in long-term problems Often permanent, severe, and fatal

Examples of DRUG ABUSE: Drinking and driving Taking any illegal drug Being addicted to a drug Committing crimes to support an addiction

PART 2: Classifying Drugs and Medicines

How are Medicines and Drugs classified? OVER-THE-COUNTER PRESCRIPTION ILLEGAL

(1) Over-The-Counter Drugs: Can be purchased and taken without a written order from a doctor Examples: Alcohol, Tobacco, Caffeine, Aspirin, Tylenol, Rolaids, Robitussin, Neosporin

The government requires all over-the-counter drugs contain information in a standardized, consumer-friendly format. These "Drug Facts" labels are similar in format to the Nutrition Facts label for foods.

(2) Prescription Drugs: Can be sold and taken only with a written order from a doctor Examples: Insulin, Valium, Penicillin, Lipitor, Vicodin, etc.

If you are ever given a prescription for a drug, make sure to read the label: See page 271 in the Teen Health textbook about Prescription Medicine Labels The next slide has a sample label to examine

(3) Illegal Drugs: Not legal to buy, sell, or use Examples: Heroin, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, LSD, PCP, etc.

Illegal drugs … Have no labels Have no instructions Have no safety information Have not been inspected by the government for quality and consistency of dose

ANSWER: YES !!! QUESTION: Do all 3 of these categories of drugs have the potential to be misused or abused?

REMEMBER: Any drug can be misused or abused… even if it is legal or you have a prescription! Just ask this guy!

ANSWER: Over-The-Counter QUESTION: Which of those three categories of drugs kills the most people in the US each year?

REMEMBER: Tobacco and Alcohol kill over 500,000 people in the US each year!

That’s more than Heroin, Cocaine, Meth, LSD, PCP, Crack, Drownings, Fires, Motor Vehicle Accidents, Suicides and Homicides … combined !!!

PART 3: Types of Medicines

Let’s look at a few types of medicines (pages 272-273) Vaccines Antibiotics Analgesics Anesthetics

(1) Vaccines: Vaccines prevent a person from developing a communicable disease A vaccine is a preparation of dead or weakened germs that cause a person’s immune system to produce antibodies

(1) Vaccines: We vaccinate children against Polio, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, etc. How has the invention of vaccines helped our society and affected the health of people all over the world?

(2) Antibiotics: Antibiotics reduce or kill harmful bacteria in the body The first antibiotic was penicillin. Ampicillin, amoxicillin and benzylpenicilllin are widely used today to treat a variety of infections.

(2) Antibiotics: You take antibiotics when you are currently sick. (Unlike vaccines, which you take before you ever get sick.) Both antibiotics and vaccines are Prescription Drugs

(3) Analgesics: Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain Common O-T-C examples: Aspirin Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Ibuprofen (Advil, Midol)

(3) Analgesics: Common Prescription examples: Oxycodone Tramadol Vicodin Why and how do people get addicted to pain relievers?

(4) Anesthetics: Drugs that allow doctors to do surgeries that would otherwise be too painful Can you imagine a having a cavity filled at the dentist or having your appendix removed without anesthesia?

(4) Anesthetics: LOCAL anesthetics numb only a small area of the body. You are still conscious. GENERAL anesthetics numb your entire body. You are not conscious.

PART 4: How Drugs Enter The Body

How can drugs enter the body? Ingestion Injection Inhalation Absorption

(1) Ingestion: Pills, capsules, tablets, or liquids which are swallowed Absorbed into the bloodstream in the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine

(2) Injection: Needle puts the drug directly into a vein, muscle, or skin Fastest way to get a drug into your bloodstream

(3) Inhalation: Drug is breathed in or inhaled Liquid mist or powder is absorbed into the blood through the sinuses or lungs

(4) Absorption: Ointments are applied to the skin Drug passes through the skin into the bloodstream

PART 5: Cycle Of Addiction

Many drugs, if taken often enough, can lead to addiction or physical dependence Addiction often follows a pattern or cycle… Cycle of Addiction:

The Cycle of Addiction Has Three Parts: 1. TOLERANCE: 3. WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS: 2. ADDICTION: (Physical Dependence)

1. TOLERANCE: Your body becomes used to the effects of a drug

1. TOLERANCE: After repeated doses, it takes more and more of the drug to achieve the same effect.

2. ADDICTION: Your body and mind will not function normally unless the drug is taken.

2. ADDICTION: Without the drug, the user will suffer painful withdrawal symptoms

3. WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS: Physical and mental reactions which occur when an addict does not take the drug

3. WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS: May include nausea, vomiting, trembling, seizures, headaches, hallucinations, irregular heartbeat, and even death

Psychological Dependence: In addition to being hooked physically, many users get addicted mentally and emotionally, too Psychological Dependence:

Psychological Dependence: This makes it even more difficult to quit using drugs The user must break both the physical and psychological addiction!

Most young people don’t fully understand this when they start drinking, smoking, or using other drugs They think: “I can quit any time I want!” CAN THEY?

How can you tell if you are developing a problem? Take the T.W.E.A.K. test on the next slide

Copyright Alcohol Medical Scholars Program The T.W.E.A.K. Test 2 1 T (tolerance) “How many drinks / how many pills / how many hits can you hold?” A lot? W (worried) “Have close friends or relatives worried or complained about your drinking/drugging in the past year?” E (eye opener) “Do you sometimes take drugs or a drink in the morning when you first get up?” A (amnesia) “Has a friend or family member ever told you about things you said or did while drinking or drugging that you could not remember?” K (cut down) “Do you sometimes feel the need to cut down on your drinking and drugging?” 5. Screening Tools: {Slide 6} a. The TWEAK is better than the CAGE for youth. The TWEAK takes about 3 minutes to administer and score [13]. b. Pediatricians can easily use the TWEAK. c. Tolerance is tricky to assess as youth are in puberty and growing rapidly (e.g., 3 drinks for a 100-lb. boy won't give the same effect once he's 120 lbs. 6 months later). d. KEY POINT: having any of these 5 TWEAK items is a bad sign in an adolescent. e. The Personal Experiences Questionnaire (or "PESQ") is a self-report questionnaire that takes about 10-15 minutes to administer, but it provides more a detailed screening on teens [10]. Copyright Alcohol Medical Scholars Program 3 risky drug/alcohol use

PART 6: Why People Use Drugs

Answer this question: Why do people take drugs? How many different reasons can we come up with as a class?

Why do people take drugs? YOUR LIST MAY INCLUDE: To rebel against authority To deal with pain Poor self-esteem Stress, anxiety Peer pressure To get buff To be cool Boredom Why do people take drugs?

Why do people take drugs? YOUR LIST MAY INCLUDE: Medical reasons To get energy and wake up To relax, wind down To deal with reality To escape reality To have fun To fit in Curiosity

Why do people take drugs? Are there reasons you had on your list that were not included in the slide show? Why do people take drugs?

Why do people take drugs? Except for “medical reasons” are any of these reasons valid or acceptable? Are any of the reasons OK?

Why do people take drugs? In other words, can you “fit in” or “rebel against authority” or “deal with stress” without using drugs and alcohol? Do the “Instead of Using Drugs” worksheet Why do people take drugs?

The next seven sections of this lesson deal with various categories of psychoactive (mind-altering) drugs

PART 7: Stimulants

7. Stimulants: Substances that speed up the brain and body activity Common examples: Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine , Crack Cocaine Amphetamines (Meth)

CAFFEINE is a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, soda, and energy drinks Too much caffeine can be a problem. Just ask Phillip J. Fry 7. Stimulants:

7. Stimulants: NICOTINE is a powerful stimulant found in tobacco Tobacco is linked to: Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Lung Diseases

COCAINE is a strong stimulant made from the leaves of the South American coca plant Often snorted in powder form or smoked or injected 7. Stimulants:

7. Stimulants: CRACK is made from cocaine and is much stronger Usually smoked through a pipe Very addictive and dangerous

AMPHETAMINES are very strong man-made stimulants which are produced with various chemicals METH (Crystal) is a special form of amphetamine 7. Stimulants:

7. Stimulants: FACES OF METH

7. Stimulants: Stimulant Abuse can lead to: Dizziness/Nausea Decreased Appetite Body Tremors False Feelings of Power Kidney Problems 7. Stimulants:

7. Stimulants: Stimulant Abuse can lead to: Irregular Heartbeat Loss of Coordination Psychosis, Brain Damage Anxiety, Panic Attacks Birth Defects Legal Problems, Jail Coma/Death

PART 8: Depressants

8. Depressants: Substances that slow down the brain and body activity Common examples: Alcohol Barbiturates Tranquilizers Sedative Hypnotics Some Club Drugs

8. Depressants: ALCOHOL is the most widely-used depressant drug Found in beer, wine, hard liquor, etc. Over-the –counter if over 21 years old 8. Depressants:

8. Depressants: ALCOHOL causes many problems in society: Car accidents Violence and crime Family problems Alcoholism Liver diseases Cancers

8. Depressants: TRANQUILIZERS can help reduce stress and relax muscles Examples: Valium, Librium, Xanax Never mix with alcohol Addictive 8. Depressants:

8. Depressants: SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS are very strong drugs that bring on sleep Examples: Quaaludes, Ambien, Sonata, Lunestra, Sominex, Unisom Never mix with alcohol and they are addictive

BARBITURATES are very strong depressant drugs used for several medical reasons Examples: Seconal, Nembutal, Amytal and Tuinal Much stronger than hypnotics and tranquilizers NEVER mix with alcohol 8. Depressants:

All depressant abuse risks are similar to alcohol abuse risks: Addiction Job, money problems Foolish behavior Poor decisions Eating, sleeping problems Accidents, injuries Overdose Birth defects Stop breathing, heartbeat Coma, death 8. Depressants:

PART 9: Hallucinogens

9. Hallucinogens: Drugs that distort or alter moods, thoughts, and senses Examples: L.S.D. P.C.P. Mushrooms Peyote

9. Hallucinogens: Hallucinogen Effects: Five senses may become intensified or mixed-up Delusions, Hallucinations, Stimulation, Impaired judgment and reasoning 9. Hallucinogens:

9. Hallucinogens: LSD: very powerful man-made drug Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Often sold on blotters that appear like postage stamps

9. Hallucinogens: LSD: very strange unpredictable effects Flashbacks: effects of the drug recur days, weeks, or months later “Trips” can be very good or very bad 9. Hallucinogens:

9. Hallucinogens: PCP: very dangerous drug known as “Phencyclidine” Called “Angel Dust” Often smoked, added to marijuana, or made into pills

PCP: often causes extreme reactions such as rage, anger, paranoia Numbs the skin, so people often get hurt on PCP and do not know it Police do not like folks on PCP 9. Hallucinogens:

9. Hallucinogens: MUSHROOMS: certain types of mushrooms contain the drug “psilocybin” Not all mushrooms have this drug Many types of mushrooms are very poisonous

9. Hallucinogens: PEYOTE CACTUS: contains the drug “mescaline” Several cultures and religions still consider this cactus special or sacred 9. Hallucinogens:

9. Hallucinogens: Hallucinogen Risks: Increased heart rate or blood pressure, Tremors, shaking Lose coordination, Sleeplessness, coma, Incoherent speech, Decreased sensitivity to pain,

9. Hallucinogens: Hallucinogen Risks: Heart or lung failure, Dry mouth, Dilated pupils, Psychological dependence, Flashbacks Birth defects Coma, Death 9. Hallucinogens:

PART 10: Narcotics

10. Narcotics: Drugs made from the Opium Poppy Flower which relieve pain Opium is used to make: Paregoric Codeine Prescription pain medicines Morphine Heroin

10. Narcotics: All opium-based drugs are extremely addictive! Codeine and Paregoric prescribed sometimes Morphine: Only in extreme cases of pain Heroin: Illegal, almost no medical uses 10. Narcotics:

10. Narcotics: PAREGORIC: is a mild narcotic used to treat digestive problems Taken by mouth as a liquid Prescription only

10. Narcotics: CODEINE: stronger narcotic pain reliever In prescription cough medicines Often combined with Tylenol or other drugs in a prescription pill 10. Narcotics:

10. Narcotics: NARCOTIC PAIN RELIEVERS which are often prescribed (and abused) in pills include: DEMEROL (meperidine) VICODIN (hydrocodone) LORTAB (hydrocodone) PERCOCET (oxycodone)

MORPHINE: powerful pain reliever over 10 times stronger than codeine Given to patients after major surgery or people with terminal illnesses, such as cancer 10. Narcotics:

10. Narcotics: HEROIN is several times stronger than morphine Cooked up and usually injected intravenously Not legal, almost no medical uses

10. Narcotics: NARCOTICS Risks: Dizzy, lose balance Loss of coordination Confusion Sleepy Itchy skin Kidney and liver damage Birth defects 10. Narcotics:

10. Narcotics: NARCOTICS Risks: Pass out Criminal activity Collapsed veins Tolerance, addiction and withdrawal cycle Infections at injection site Diseases from sharing needles Overdose, death 10. Narcotics:

PART 11: Marijuana (THC)

11. Marijuana (THC) Comes from the Cannabis sativa plant The flowering leaves of the plant have an oil or resin with THC (delta 9- tetrahydocannabinol 11. Marijuana (THC)

11. Marijuana (THC) THC is the substance in Marijuana which is mind-altering Marijuana is usually smoked but can be eaten THC can be taken in pill form

Hash/Hashish - Concentrated form of marijuana made by compressing marijuana resins into small blocks. 11. Marijuana (THC)

11. Marijuana (THC) Marijuana use is illegal Marijuana use is psychologically addictive

Marijuana is sometimes prescribed to help patients deal with the pain and nausea of cancer and other diseases. 11. Marijuana (THC)

11. Marijuana (THC) MARIJUANA RISKS: Reduces memory Slows reaction time Poor coordination Impaired judgment Reduced ambition Panic attacks Lung and heart damage

11. Marijuana (THC) Family problems MARIJUANA RISKS: Increase appetite Lower body temperature Hormone levels affected Birth defects Psychological dependence Family problems Legal problems 11. Marijuana (THC)

PART 12: Club Drugs

12. Club Drugs Drugs associated with concerts, clubs, and raves Common club drugs: Rohypnol GHB Ketamine Ecstasy Alcohol, Marijuana, Meth and LSD and others 12. Club Drugs

12. Club Drugs Many club drugs have no color, odor, or taste DRUG SLIPPING: The practice of placing a drug in someone’s food or drink without their knowledge Why is this done?

Drug Slipping is done to make a person pass out or become defenseless Both men and women could potentially: Have stolen keys, money, jewelry, credit cards Be kidnapped, killed Be sexually assaulted 12. Club Drugs

12. Club Drugs ROHYPNOL: Depressant drug, also called Roofies Commonly used as a date rape drug (pill, powder, liquid) Victim often passes out and often has no memory or recollection of the event

GHB: depressant drug also called Liquid X and Georgia Home Boy (Gammahydroxybutrate) Also used as a date rape drug (pill , powder, liquid) Very dangerous when mixed with alcohol 12. Club Drugs

12. Club Drugs KETAMINE: Anesthetic used on animals by veterinarians Often snorted or injected and abused at clubs Can cause hallucinations, numbness, stop your breathing, coma, death

12. Club Drugs Ketamine, Rohypnol, and GHB all have similar risks Dizziness, nausea, vomiting Falling down, passing out Defenseless victim Depressed breathing and heart rate Seizures Memory loss Coma, death 12. Club Drugs

12. Club Drugs ECSTASY: (MDMA) Both a dangerous stimulant and a hallucinogen Probably the most abused drug at clubs and raves (along with alcohol)

12. Club Drugs ECSTASY: One of the most dangerous illegal drugs Usually taken in colorful, stamped pill form Also called “E” “X” and “XTC” 12. Club Drugs

12. Club Drugs ECSTASY: Risks: Eating problems Altered Sleep Very tired Sadness, midweek blues Memory Loss Lack of Attention and Concentration

12. Club Drugs ECSTASY: More severe risks Dehydration Exhausted, pass out Hyperthermia (106 oF) Seizures Increased Heart Rate Kidney Failure High Blood Pressure Heart Failure, death 12. Club Drugs

PART 13: Inhalants

Inhalants are breathable chemical vapors that produce mind altering effects. Also called “huffing” 13. INHALANTS:

13. INHALANTS: Inhalants are often abused because they are readily available, inexpensive, and can be found almost anywhere. Different types of inhalants: Solvents Gases Nitrites

Inhalants are ingested into the body by breathing in the vapors of the product. Use of a Bag Use of a Rag Pressurized Containers 13. INHALANTS:

13. INHALANTS: Household items are often abused: Glue/Rubber Cement White-out Aerosols/Hair Spray Toxic Markers Gasoline/Propane Room Odorizers

13. INHALANTS: Use of inhalants can cause serious long term damage: Sight/Vision Disorders Liver Damage Kidney Damage Bone Marrow Damage Brain Damage Paralysis/Death 13. INHALANTS:

What should the last few slides say?

If you don’t get it yet, the joke’s on you!