Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 20 Western Europe During the High Middle Ages

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Germany Germany dominant country in Europe 10 th & 11 th centuries 5 great lords, the Dukes of Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria & Lorraine Recognized King but held power in their individual duchies

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 The Holy Roman Empire Otto I - “Otto the Great” ( ) of Saxony takes advantage of decline of Carolingian Empire to establish kingdom in north Germany, mid 10 th century CE Military forays into eastern Europe Twice enters Italy to aid Roman Catholic church Pope John XII names Otto Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, 962 CE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The medieval expansion of Europe, C.E.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Religious Revival Popular Piety swept over Europe in 11 th & 12 th centuries The Peace Movement  Peace Associations  “Peace of God” – movement to protect non-combatants  “Truce of God” – move to forbid fighting during holy days

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Problem of Secular Control Kings appointed abbots and bishops  At best kings appoint good administrators  At worst kings sold abbacies & bishoprics or gave them as pensions Reformers wanted to strengthen position of the Pope & make him independent of kings 1059 Hildebrant (Pope Gregory VII) inspires famous decree to place election of Pope to cardinals

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Principles of Gregory VII ca That the Roman Church was founded by the Lord alone. 2. That only the Roman pontiff is rightly called universal. 3. That he alone can depose or reestablish bishops. 4. That his legate, even if of inferior rank, is above all bishops in council; and he can give sentence of deposition against them… 12. That it is permitted to him to depose emperors… 19. That he ought to be judged by no one. 20. That no one may dare condemn a man who is appealing to the apostolic see. 21. The greater cases of every church ought to be referred to him. 23. That the Roman pontiff, if he has been canonically ordained, is indubitably made holy by the merits of the blessed Peter… 27. That he can absolve the subjects of the unjust from their fealty. From Dictatus Papae Gregorii VII, trans. By E. Lewis, Medieval Political Ideas (New York: Knopf, 1954, Vol. II, pp

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Tensions between Emperors and the Church Investiture Contest, late 11 th -early 12 th centuries Pope Gregory VII ( ) attempts to end practice of lay investiture  Process whereby secular ruler bestowed the symbol of spiritual authority such as ring and staff.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Investiture Conflict Henry IV sends letter  “Down, down, to be damned through all the ages” Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV ( CE)  Letter to Henry: “It is right that he who attempt to diminish the honor of the Church, shall himself lose the honor which he seems to have.”  1076 Oppenheim decide to depose Henry IV unless absolved by Pope

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Castle at Canossa Henry goes to Canossa 1077 Pope faces political & spiritual conflict  Absolve Henry will betray German princes who sided with him  Must absolve because Henry is a penitent sinner Pope grants Henry absolution Later Henry invades Italy Concordat of Worms (1122)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Frederick Barbarossa (r CE) Frederick I, “the red beard” Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy) Popes did not want him to gain that much power, enlisted aid from other states Frederick forced to back down

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Regional Monarchies: France and England Capetian France  Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987 CE  Slowly expands authority out from Paris Normans in England  Descendants of Vikings, settled in France  Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Anglo-Saxon England England not feudal English institutions of 10 th century Danish Rule – Canute (or Knut) ( ) Edward the Confessor ( ) William Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror) vs. Earl Harold at the Battle of Hastings 1066

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Norman Government in England William the Conqueror ( ) Anglo-Saxon Chronicle  “The rich complained and the poor lamented, but he was so sturdy that he cared not for their bitterness; they had to follow his will entirely if they wished to live or to keep their lands.”  “a man might travel through the kingdom unmolested with a bosomful of gold.” Domesday Survey

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 England under Henry II ( ) Henry II takes title after civil war ( ) Attempts to strengthen English government Enlarges strength of royal courts Use of Juries

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Common Law Creates “common law” 1 st book of common law created at end of Henry II’s reign Common law a symbol of nationalism Opposed only by Thomas Becket  Separation of church and state

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Richard and John Richard ( )  Great General  Spent less than 10 months in England during entire reign John ( )  Lost war with France  Took large sums of money from vassals  Punished without trial

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 “Magna Carta” – The Great Charter of Liberties 1215 Barons rebel develop charter of demands June 15, 1215 at Runnymede John puts his seal on the Magna Carta King is not above the law Rights extend to other classes Serves as foundation for constitutional governement

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Italy Series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities Papal State directly controlled by Pope, good- sized territory in central Italy By 12 th century, city-states increasingly displace church control in northern Italy Normans invade southern Italy, displace Byzantine and Muslim authorities

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Iberian Peninsula Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8 th -12 th centuries From 11 th century on, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories Late 13 th century, Muslims remain only in Granada