Medical Terminology REVIEWS Mrs. Marr

Basic Structural Levels Cells- simplest structural level cells have structural differences that are closely related to the physiology of each cell type

What is a groups of similar cells joined together to carry out specific functions?

What is a groups of similar cells joined together to carry out specific functions? Tissues

Epithelial

Epithelial- outer protective layer of body, lines various body cavities, ducts, vessels, and, covers the body surface.

Nervous

Nervous- transmits messages throughout the body

“ilio”- refers to hip “costal” refers to ribs “epi” on or above “gastric” – refers to stomach “hypo” beneath or under “chondral”- refers to cartilage

Superior (closer to the head) Inferior (closer to the feet) Medial (lying closer to the midline) Lateral (lying further away from the midline) Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body Proximal- closer to the origin of a structure Distal- further away from the origin of a structure

Superficial - relating to, or located near the surface Deep - relating to, or located away from the surface Median- midline Intermediate -between two other structures External refers to a hollow structure -external being outside Internal refers to a hollow structure -internal being inside Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position) Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in position) 

Body Positions- The standard reference body position is called the “anatomical” position. The body is erect with feet together, limbs at the side, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement Supine- body horizontal, face up

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement Prone- body horizontal, face down

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement Right Lateral Recumbent The Right lateral recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient is lying on their right side. Left Lateral Recumbent The left lateral recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient is lying on their left side.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement Fowler's Position A person in the Fowler's position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be straight or bent. Trendelenberg Position A person in the Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement Abduction Abduction is movement away from the midline, or to abduct. Adduction Adduction is movement toward the midline, or to add.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement Flexion Flexion is to bend at a joint, or to reduce the angle. Extension Extension is to straighten at a joint, or to increase the angle, for example, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees.

Postures and Direction of Movement

Postures and Direction of Movement Supination Supination is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces forward. Pronation Pronation is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces backward.

What are anatomical PLANES

PLANES In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference

What PLANE separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts

FRONTAL (Coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts

What PLANE separates the body into Right and Left parts

SAGITTAL(MEDIAN) separates body into Right and Left parts Para-sagittal: unequal left and right sections Mid-sagittal: Even down the mid line

What PLANE separates the body into Top and Bottom parts

HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior (top/ Upper) and Inferior (Bottom/ Lower) parts

Regional Terms Regional Terms-refer to special areas of the body Cervical- refer to the neck Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface

Regional Terms Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax Dorsum- the top of the foot Plantar- the sole of the foot

Regional Terms Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

Regional Terms Groin (inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle

Low Back Lumbar- the portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks

Terms of Movement Protraction moving forward along a surface Retraction backward along a surface

Terms of Movement Elevation raising a structure Depression lowering a structure 

Terms of Movement Circumduction 

Terms of Movement Circumduction-combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone) 

Terms of Movement Opposition

Terms of Movement Opposition- bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

Abdominopelvic area is divided into four quadrants : Right Upper Right Lower Left Upper Left Lower

The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it easier to identify organs Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac (inguinal) Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal)

What are Body Cavities ?

What are Body Cavities ? Body cavities- lined with membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities.

What Structures are in the Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavity?

What Structures are in the Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavity? contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

What Structures are in the Ventral (anterior) Body Cavity?

What Structures are in the Ventral (anterior) Body Cavity? thoracic cavity – consists of the pericardial (heart) and pleural (left & right lungs) cavities

What Structures are in the Abdominopelvic Body Cavity?

What Structures are in the Abdominopelvic Body Cavity? abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).

Regions vs. Quadrants

Organs

Right Iliac (inguinal) Right Hypochondriac Below, rib area- right (liver, gallbladder) Epigastic Above, stomach (stomach, pancreas, part of duodenum) Left Hypochondriac Below, rib area- left (spleen) Right lumbar Front- Lower back area- right (ascending colon) Umbilical Belly button- middle (small intestine, transverse colon) Left Lumbar Lower back area-Left (descending Colon) Right Iliac (inguinal) Hip- right (cecum) Hypogastric Below, stomach (urinary bladder, rectum, initial part of the sigmoid colon) Left Iliac (inguinal) Hip- left (inferior part of descending colon)

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