1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2. the structure of body parts
Anatomy is ….
the structure of body parts
Physiology is …
the function of body parts
Principle of Complementary of Structure and Function
What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Gross anatomy, macroscopic anatomy – study of large body structures you can see.
Regional anatomy – structures in a particular area
Systemic anatomy – structures in a body system
Microscopic anatomy – tissues or celluar
Cytology – study of cells
Histology – study of tissues
Renal physiology – kidney function
Cardiovascular physiology – heart and blood vessels
Structure and function – a & p inseparable
Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard minerals, heart pushes blood one way because it has valves that prevent backflow, lungs can support gas exchange because the walls of the air sacks very, very thin.

3. There is organization in the body
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
There are levels of organization.
Atoms form molecules, molecules form macromolecues
Cell is the basic unit of structure and function. Different size, shape, specialized function but similar characteristics – they contain structures called organlles.
Cells organized into layers or masses that have common functions = tissues
Groups of tissues interact to form organs, complex structures with specialized functions.
Groups of organs form organ systems and organ systems make up an organism
Chemical level – atoms are organized into molecules
Cellular level – molecules organized into cells
Tissue level – cells are organized into tissues, groups of similar cells, usually have similar embryological origins, perform specialized functions

4. Anatomical Position
Stand erect facing observer
Head level, eyes facing forward
Feet flat on floor, directed forward
Arms at side, palms turned forward
Prone – body lying face down
Supine – body lying face up

5. Axial skeleton – the main axis of the body, head, neck, trunk
Appendicular skeleton – the appendages, limbs attached to the axial skeleton

6. Regional terms to designate specific body areas
Anatomical regions
Pg 17, Figure 1-6 goes over these, some we are familiar with – pelvic region (pelvis), lumbar region (lower back),
Two methods are used to map the surface of the abdomen and pelvis. Quadrants is similar but helpful when trying to identify complaints. A more precise way is to use the 9 regions in a.
We will concentrate on the quadrants

7. Body Planes A. Sagittal:
Divide into equal halves (midsagittal) or divides the body into a right side and a left side ([para]sagittal)
B. Frontal (Coronal): 
Divide from side to side or divide the body into an anterior (ventral – front, belly side) and posterior (dorsal - back)
C. Transverse:
 Divide crosswise or horizontally or to divide body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts
We should know these terms

8. Superior – (cranial) upper or above or toward the head
Inferior – (caudal) lower or below or toward feet
Anterior or Ventral – front or in front of
Posterior or Dorsal – back or in back of
Median – toward the midline
Lateral – toward the side of the body or away from the midline
Proximal – toward or nearest the trunk or nearest the point of origin of one its parts
Distal – away from the trunk or farthest from the point of a body part attachment
Superficial – nearest the surface
Deep – farther away from the surface
Plantar – sole of foot
Palmar – palm of hand
A. Superior:  cranial
upper or above or toward the head      
B. Inferior: caudal
lower or below or toward the feet
C. Anterior/Ventral:
front or in front of
D. Posterior/Dorsal:
back or in back of
E. Median:
toward the midline
F. Lateral:
 toward the side of the body or away from the midline
G. Proximal:
toward or nearest the trunk or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts
H. Distal:
away from the trunk or farthest from the point of a body part attachment to the trunk.
I. Superficial:
nearest the surface
J. Deep:
      farther away from the surface
K. Plantar: sole of foot
L. Palmar: palm of hand
On pg 19

9. The heart is superior to the liver
The stomach is inferior to the lungs
The breastbone is anterior to the heart
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea (windpipe)
The heart is medial to the arm
The lungs are lateral to the heart
The elbow is proximal to the wrist
The knee is distal to the thigh
Superficial – toward or at the body surface
Deep – away from the body surface; more internal
Plantar – pertaining to the toes, ball of foot
Palmar – pertaining to the hand, palm

10. Directional Movement Reference Words
Abduction – move away from body midline
Adduction – move closer to body midline
More words to describe other motions:
Hyperextension – extension beyond the anatomical position
Circumduction – moving your arm in a loop, as when drawing a large circle on a wall
Rotation – turning around the longitudinal axis of body – rotating head left or right
Pronation – moving wrist from palm up to palm facing back
Supination – (soo-pi-NA-shun) opposite, turn palm forward
Inversion – twisting motion of foot, turning sole inward – opposite is eversion
Dorsiflexion – flexion of ankle joint, digging in your heel – opposite is plantar flexion, extending ankle joint and elevating heel, standing on tiptoe
Opposition – movement of thumb toward the palm or fingertips, allowing your to grasp objects
Protraction – moving body part anteriorly, toward front; grasp upper lip with lower teeth, protract clavicles when you cross arms
Retraction – opposite, moving body part toward back
Elevation – moving structure superiorly; elevate mandible when you close it
depression – move structure inferiorly; depress mandible when you open your mouth

11. Directional Movement Reference Words
Extension – increase joint angle between articulating elements
Flexion – reduce joint angle between articulating elements

12. Anterior Posterior
Term Meaning Term Meaning Term Meaning
Frontal Forehead Buccal Cheek Dorsum of foot Back of foot
Facial Face Mental Chin Occipital Back of head
Cervical Neck Antecubital Elbow front Scapular Shoulder blade
Pectoral Chest Pelvic Pelvis Vertebral Spinal
Acromial Shoulder point Pollex Thumb Lumbar Lower back
Brachial Arm Digital Fingers/ toe Sacral Between hip
Thoracic Chest Mammary Breast Gluteal Buttock
Cubital Elbow Fibular Side of leg Dorsum of hand Back of hand
Sternal Breastbone Hallux Great toe Perineal Between anus and genitalia
Abdominal Abdomen Pedal Foot Popliteal Posterior knee
Umbilical Navel Tarsal Ankle Calcaneal Heel
Antebrachial Forearm Pubic Genital Cephalic Head
Inguinal Groin Femoral Thigh Otic Ear
Coxal Hip Patellar Anterior knee Dorsal Back
Carpal Wrist Crural Leg Olecranal Back of elbow
Palmar Palm Nasal Nose Sural Calf
Axillary Armpit Orbital Eye Plantar Sole`

13. Body Cavities Ventral Cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity (Vertebral canal)
2 major cavities – ventral & dorsal
The cavities, or spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped respiratory muscle.
Thoracic cavity The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura). Within this cavity are smaller cavities, housing organs. Pericardial cavity has the heart; pleural cavity the lungs; the mediastinum (mee dee as tee num) house the pericardial cavity (heart), large arteries & veins, thymus, trachea and esophagus. These inner cavities have a watery membrane called a serous membrane.
Abdominal and pelvic cavity The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion. The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains most of the urogenital system as well as the rectum. The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis.
Dorsal cavity The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. As its name implies, it contains organs lying more posterior in the body. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal houses the spinal cord.

14. Sections What kind of view – cut – taken for this image? Transverse
Mri
A Transverse
B Sagittal

15. The way you cut it makes a difference!
Transverse Plan Frontal or Sagittal Plane Oblique Plane
Different images show different things but different angles through the body also show different things.
You have to be able to anticipate what an organ may look like when cut at different angles and along different planes.