1. Language of Anatomy

2. Language of Anatomy
What is this fin called?

3. Language of Anatomy
Why is the back of your hand called the dorsal surface?

4. Language of Anatomy
To understand each other, anatomists use common terms.

5. Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points.
It is defined as a person:
STANDING STRAIGHT

6. Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points.
It is defined as a person:
STANDING STRAIGHT
FACING FOREWARD

7. Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points.
It is defined as a person:
STANDING STRAIGHT
FACING FOREWARD
PALMS OUT OR FACING FORWARD

8. Anatomical Position

9. Anatomical Position This defines a persons:
Front and back also known as
Ventral and dorsal
Anterior and posterior

10. Anatomical Position
This defines a persons:
Left versus Right

11. Anatomical Position This defines a persons:
Top and Bottom also known as
superior (cranial) and inferior
cephalad and caudad

12. Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline

13. Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline Lateral- away from the midline

14. Directional Terms
Medial- towards the midline Lateral- away from the midline Intermediate-between

15. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)

16. Directional Terms
Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body

17. Directional Terms
Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body Distal- further from the trunk of the body

18. Directional Terms
Superficial-Towards the surface

19. Directional Terms
Superficial-Towards the surface Deep- towards the center of the body

20. Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)

21. Body Planes &Sections
Most anatomical studies, especially those involved with radiographic studies, MRI’s and CAT scans, use specific planes to study an area of the body.

22. Body Planes &Sections
Sagittal plane-is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves.

23. (c) Median section (midsagittal) Median (midsagittal) plane Intestines
Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Intestines
Rectum
Vertebral column

24. Body Planes &Sections
Frontal planes-are vertical cuts that divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.

25. (a) Frontal section (through torso) Left and right lungs Frontal plane
Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
Left and right lungs
Frontal
plane
Liver
Heart
Spleen
Stomach
Arm

26. Body Planes &Sections
Transverse Planes- cut the body into inferior and superior sections

27. (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Transverse plane
Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
(b) Transverse section
(through torso, inferior
view)
Transverse
plane
Liver
Aorta
Pancreas
Spinal cord
Spleen
Subcutaneous fat layer
Body wall

28. Body Planes &Sections
Oblique Planes- are diagonal cuts between the horizontal and vertical planes.

29. Body Cavities
The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the:
Dorsal body cavity

30. Body Cavities
The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the:
Dorsal body cavity and
Ventral body cavity

31. Body Cavities
The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions:
The cranial cavity which encases the brain

32. Body Cavities
The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions:
The cranial cavity which encases the brain
The vertebral or spinal cavity which encloses the spinal column

33. Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Thoracic cavity
(contains heart
and lungs)
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
(a) Lateral view

34. Body Cavities
The ventral body cavity is more anterior and is the largest cavity, it contains the internal organs known as the VISCERA.

35. Body Cavities The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions:
The thoracic cavity

36. Body Cavities The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions:
The thoracic cavity and the
Abdominopelvic cavity

37. Figure 1.9a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Thoracic cavity
(contains heart
and lungs)
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
(a) Lateral view

38. Membranes of the Body Cavities
The walls of the ventral body cavities and outer surfaces of the organs are covered by a thin, double layered membrane called the Serosa.

39. Membranes of the Body Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:
Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls

40. Membranes of the Body Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:
Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls
Visceral serosa covers the organs

41. Membranes of the Body Cavities
The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts:
Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls
Visceral serosa covers the organs

42. Membranes of the Body Cavities
Together they form a potential space which has a small amount of lubricating fluid called Serous fluid.

43. Language of Anatomy

44. Language of Anatomy

45. Language of Anatomy

46. Peritonitis
Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma.

47. Peritonitis
Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma. Leads to the organs adhering to each other, restricting movement. VERY PAINFUL

48. Pericarditis
Inflammation of the serous membrane around the heart.

49. Anatomical Regions and Quadrants
The Abdominopelvic Region is large and has many organ systems. It is divided up into smaller quadrants for study.

50. Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)

51. Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Liver
Diaphragm
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Gallbladder
Stomach
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Umbilical
region
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Appendix
Urinary bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs