The Cold War, 1945-1991

Soviet Socialist Republics United States of America Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United States of America USA USSR

Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta February 4 - 11, 1945

The Soviet Union prior to World War II

As the Soviets pushed back the Nazis, they claimed new territory.

They took part of Finland

They took Estonia

They took Latvia

They took Lithuania

They took part of Poland for White Russia

They took part of Romania for the Ukraine

They took part of Czechoslovakia for White Russia

They took a part of Germany

The U.S.S.R. expanded their territory and the number of republics

Potsdam Conference July 17 to August 2, 1945

Is the period 1945-1963 a time of peace or war? Following up on the Yalta Conference, the Allied Powers met again after Germany’s surrender to discuss what do in Europe. Churchill, Truman, Stalin Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Attlee, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam July 31, 1945 February 11, 1945 July 17, 1945 How are Constitutional governments “weaker” than authoritarian governments? Is the period 1945-1963 a time of peace or war?

Germany was partitioned by the Allies after the war

Austria would also be divided

The city of Berlin was also partitioned

There was the American sector

the French sector

the British sector

and the Soviet sector

Portions were given to Poland and the Soviets

Austria would eventually be unified

The divisions of Germany and the city of Berlin

East and West Germany and East and West Berlin

Poland would fall under Soviet influence

Poland would also gain parts of Germany

Czechoslovakia was last in Eastern Europe to fall under Soviet dominance

Hungary would also fall under Soviet control

Romania would follow Soviet direction

Bulgaria would also come into the Soviet sphere

For a time, Albania will be under Soviet direction

East Germany would be a satellite state as well

The division between the two sides would come to be called the Iron Curtain

The Truman Doctrine Great Britain called for the United States to take its place in aiding Greece and Turkey against communist aggression Truman gave a speech in 1947 calling for the Republican Congress to support increasing aide to nations fighting the spread of communism (specifically Greece and Turkey) The Truman Doctrine is the United States will use its financial and military resources to fight against the spread of communism anywhere in the world

The Marshall Plan (1947-1951) Financial aid from the U.S. to Europe Goal #1: avoid repeat of WWI Goal #2: curb rising power of communism in Western Europe Offered to all of Europe $3,000,000,000 in aid over 4 years Soviet Union rejected offer (Soviet Satellites included) Accomplished Truman Doctrine goal by stabilizing Western Europe and putting them on the path to economic recovery The architect of the Marshall Plan was Truman’s Secretary of State George C. Marshall

Berlin Airlift (June 1948-May 1949) 31 American and 40 British pilots lost their lives 200,000+ flights +$2 billion cost in today’s money

"The issue that faces us are momentous involving the fulfillment or destruction not only of this Republic but of civilization itself." NSC-68 A classified document until the 1970s, it was written in 1950 for President Truman and became the basis for U.S. Cold War policy until the 1970s.

George Kennan (1904-2005) was the architect of the theory of “containment.” Although a principle participant in the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine, Kennan moved to a more moderate position by the mid-1950s and even opponent of Cold War diplomacy by the 1970s

International Organizations United Nations OAS - Organization of American States International Alliances NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization Warsaw Pact SEATO - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

United Nations (1945) Peace Keeping organization created to provide collective security to the world’s nations General Assembly: 177 nations Security Council: 15 nations (10 2-yr terms by regional voting) Permanent Security Council: 5 nations (USA, Great Britain/UK, France, USSR/Russia, China

Organization of American States (OAS) 1948 Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico 21 nations Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1948

35 nations Organization of American States (OAS) today Antugua and Barbuda St. Kitts and Nevis Dominica St. Vincent and the Grenadines St. Lucia Grenada Barbados Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela Guyana Suriname Colombia Ecuador Canada Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay The Bahamas Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico 35 nations Jamaica Belize Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) today

Truman’s Re-Election of 1948 Dixiecrats were Democrats upset by Truman’s decision to de-segregate the military. Many felt Truman couldn’t win re-election without the “Solid South.” Polling showed Thomas Dewey (R-NY) was ahead leading into the election. Early results led people to go to bed believing Dewey was the next president.

Truman’s election in 1948 (with Democratic control of both Houses of Congress) showed the country was strongly behind the Democratic ideals of FDR’s New Deal

Truman’s Fair Deal Spawned from FDR’s “Second Bill of Rights” federal government is responsible for people obtaining employment, food, shelter, education, and health care Similar to Europe’s “welfare state” Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 reversed the Wagner Act, 1935 limited ability of unions to strike and prevented radicals from leadership roles **Truman vetoed the Taft-Hartley Act but his veto was overridden by a Republican Congress Opposed segregation as it issued an invitation to communism

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949 After World War II, western democracies were concerned about Soviet expansion North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949

10 European nations along with Canada and the U.S. created NATO Iceland 10 European nations along with Canada and the U.S. created NATO Norway Denmark United Kingdom Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg France Italy Portugal North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949

Greece and Turkey would join Nato in 1952

West Germany would be added in 1955 NATO, 1955

In 1955, the Soviet Union, East Germany and 6 other Eastern European nations created the Warsaw Pact Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Soviet Union Bulgaria Albania Warsaw Pact, 1955

The border nations became known as Satellite States and, along with the U.S.S.R., became known as the Soviet Bloc East Germany Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Soviet Union Bulgaria Albania

Unlike NATO, the Warsaw Pact was less than voluntary Unlike NATO, the Warsaw Pact was less than voluntary. Most attempts to move away from the alliance were met with military force.

Albania was able to break away, severing military ties in 1962 and withdrawing completely in 1968

By the end of the 80’s, most of Europe was divided into one camp or the other

Berlin Wall August 1961-November 1989 Built by East Germany (and USSR) in August 1961 to stop its people from escaping into West Berlin Became the literal symbol of the Cold War Presidents Kennedy and Reagan gave famous addresses from the Brandenburg Gate near the Wall View from West Berlin of “the Death Strip”

The ‘Asian’ Cold War The USA failed to understand and recognize Asian communism versus European communism Cold War fears led the USA to support anti-communist governments despite their own lack of democratic style-regimes

Jiang Jieshi (Chaing Kai-shek) Was an ally of the United States during World War II and led the Chinese Nationalists against the growing rise of communism in mainland China

Mao Zedong (Tse-tung)

The Long March covered over 6,000 miles and lasted over a year The Long March covered over 6,000 miles and lasted over a year. 70-90% of the 100,000 who began died.

“The Theme of China Lost” by Dean Acheson In 1949 the Communists forced the Nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. Taiwan “The Theme of China Lost” by Dean Acheson

Truman Doctrine vs Brezhnev Doctrine NSC-68 & George Kennan 1956 Hungary Invasion 1968 Prague Spring invasion of Czechoslovakia

Korea U.S.S.R. EUROPE China Japan India Philippines AFRICA Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean

The Korean Peninsula China Japan

At the end of World War II, Korea was divided in two at the 38th Parallel; the north being communist and the south a freely elected democracy.

On June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, quickly taking the capital city of Seoul and pushing almost to Pusan by September. Seoul Pusan

In September, 1950, United Nations forces, led by U. S In September, 1950, United Nations forces, led by U.S. General Douglas MacArthur, with a surprise landing at Inchon. Inchon Seoul Pusan

China U.N. forces swiftly liberated the South and, in November, had pushed the North Koreans almost to the Chinese border at the Yalu River. Yalu River Seoul

China In late November, 1950, China came to the aid of the North, sending in 300,000 troops and driving the U.N. forces back. Seoul

By January, 1951, the Communists had retaken Seoul and made their deepest push of this offensive.

Truman and MacArthur got into a disagreement about the course of the war—namely the use of nuclear weapons against China. MacArthur went on Congressional trial in the summer of 1951 and was removed from command.

His farewell speech was interrupted by ovation 50 times The “Old Soldier” “I am closing my 52 years of military service. When I joined the Army, even before the turn of the century, it was the fulfillment of all of my boyish hopes and dreams. The world has turned over many times since I took the oath on the plain at West Point, and the hopes and dreams have long since vanished, but I still remember the refrain of one of the most popular barrack ballads of that day which proclaimed most proudly that ‘old soldiers never die; they just fade away’.” His farewell speech was interrupted by ovation 50 times

Douglas MacArthur At age 25, named youngest ever Major General (1880-1964) At age 25, named youngest ever Major General Served in World War I (1917-1918) Superintendent of West Point (1919-1922) President of US Olympic Committee (1928) Organized the Civilian Conservation Corps (1933) US Armed Forces Far East Commander (1941-1945) Oversaw occupation of Japan (1945-1951) Led United Nations Command in Korean War (1950-1951)

The “Forgotten War” Chinese forces crossing the Yalu River (Oct. 1950) This was the first racially integrated army since the War for Independence The “Forgotten War”

Over 44,000 Americans died or went missing during the Korean War

By 1952, the U. N. forces had recaptured Seoul and most of South Korea By 1952, the U.N. forces had recaptured Seoul and most of South Korea. Peace talks began at Panmunjom. In July, 1953, a cease-fire was signed. Panmunjom Seoul

Korea before and after the war. 5,000,000 people lost their lives in the Korean war Korea before and after the war.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954-1977) Designed to promote democracy among Southeast Asian nations in acceptance of the Domino Theory

War Hero General Elected in 1952 (1953-1961); 34th US President First Republican elected since 1928 Continued New Deal programs (even expanded Social Security) Relied heavily on VP Nixon Used CIA to depose communists in Iran, Guatemala, Congo, and began Bay of Pigs plans Eisenhower Doctrine Brinkmanship (MAD) Warning on Farewell Address

Eisenhower Doctrine Nations could request U.S. military aid if their nation was being threatened by aggression. Eisenhower with the Shah of Iran. The Shah became close allies with the West during the 1950s Issued in response to two issues: 1. USSR influence and attempts to spread communism (Middle East) 2. Need to fill void left by colonial powers Great Britain and France

Brinkmanship John Foster Dulles, Eisenhower’s Secretary of State, felt the best way to deal with communism was 1) threaten nuclear war and 2) work covertly to overthrow communist aggressors in 3rd world nations This philosophy became known during the Cold War as Mutually Assured Destruction, or MAD

Civil Rights and the Cold War Supported the end of segregation in federal issues, but not federal authority over state issues Created the Civil Rights Commission to investigate Southern violations of federal law Enforced civil rights legislation when federal law was violated (Little Rock Nine) Warned America in his Farewell Address of “the military-industrial complex” and “unwarranted” American influence in Cold War affairs

Competition for the 3rd World The world’s a chess board Asia, Africa, and Latin America FIRST WORLD SECOND WORLD THIRD WORLD Why did those nations take the money and surrender sovereignty?

EUROPE There were strong efforts by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. to influence governments in emerging nations such as Egypt and the Congo (Zaire). This included money and military aid. ASIA Libya Egypt Chad Sudan Ethiopia Cameroon Uganda Kenya Congo (Zaire) Tanzania Angola Mozambique Zambia Madagascar

The Suez Crisis (1956) Egypt recognized the People’s Republic of China Egypt nationalized the canal Britain, France, and Israel militarily seized the canal US and USSR agreed at UN that the tripartite aggressors should withdraw Known as the tripartite aggressors, the Sinai War began due to fears of possible Soviet aggression with Egypt against Israel

U-2 Spy Plane Incident U-2 planes fly at extreme high altitude (65,000 feet) Shot down May 1, 1960 Piloted by Francis Gary Powers USA initially denied existence of plane and its mission, then claimed it was a NASA flight Forced to admit it was spying on USSR when Premier Krushchev produced pictures of nuclear and military technology taken by the U-2 Escalated the Cold War mentality

Vietnam U.S.S.R. EUROPE China Japan India Philippines AFRICA Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean

Taiwan China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin Vietnam, along with Cambodia and Laos, was part of French Indochina until 1954 Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon Vietnam

Taiwan China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin In 1954, nationalist forces led by Ho Chi Minh defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon Vietnam

The Domino Theory became a guiding force in U.S. policy North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin The Domino Theory became a guiding force in U.S. policy Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin Fearing an expansion of communism, the U.S. led an effort which divided Vietnam Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh’s forces controlled North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin Ho Chi Minh’s forces controlled North Vietnam Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

A government headed by Ngo Dinh Diem controlled South Vietnam North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin A government headed by Ngo Dinh Diem controlled South Vietnam Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

Diem’s dictatorial leadership led many to resist his government North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin Diem’s dictatorial leadership led many to resist his government Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin This resistance, the Viet Cong, worked with North Vietnam against Diem’s regime in the South Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin The U.S. sent military advisors and equipment to aid the South beginning in the 1950’s Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin Diem is assassinated in a military coup and fear of a communist takeover of the South rises in 1963 Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin In 1964, the U.S. reports an attack on U.S. destroyers by patrol boats in the Gulf of Tonkin Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964 allowed LBJ to use conventional military troops in Vietnam without a declaration of war.

President Johnson begins bombing of North Vietnam in 1965 China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin President Johnson begins bombing of North Vietnam in 1965 Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Nixon begins withdrawing troops in 1969 while bombing communist supply lines and bases in Cambodia Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

North Vietnam China Myanmar (Burma) Dien Bien Phu South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin A peace agreement was signed in 1973 and the U.S. began pulling out of Vietnam Philippines Thailand Cambodia Saigon South Vietnam

The communists took control of all of Vietnam in 1975 China Myanmar (Burma) South China Sea Hanoi Laos Gulf of Tonkin The communists took control of all of Vietnam in 1975 Philippines Thailand Ho Chi Minh City Cambodia

The Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 1961)

The Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962)

Fidel Castro forces Batista to flee Cuba – January 1, 1959 United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Haiti Belize Jamaica Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia Fidel Castro forces Batista to flee Cuba – January 1, 1959

Cuba becomes a communist state and allies itself with the Soviet Union United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Haiti Belize Jamaica Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia Cuba becomes a communist state and allies itself with the Soviet Union

In 1962, U.S. spy planes discover Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Haiti Belize Jamaica Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia In 1962, U.S. spy planes discover Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba

United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Belize Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia After a Soviet denial, the U.S. enacted a shipping “quarantine”- a blockade would be an act of war

United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Belize Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia As Soviet ships approached Cuba carrying more weapons, they were intercepted by U.S. Naval forces

United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Belize Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia As Soviet ships approached Cuba carrying more weapons, they were intercepted by U.S. Naval forces

To avoid confrontation, the Soviets circled back United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Belize Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia To avoid confrontation, the Soviets circled back The U.S. won the standoff!!

The world seemed doomed to nuclear war for a period of about 13 days United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Belize Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia The world seemed doomed to nuclear war for a period of about 13 days

U.S.: full withdrawal of nuclear missiles in Cuba United States Gulf of Mexico Mexico Cuba Puerto Rico Belize Dominican Republic Honduras Guatemala Caribbean Sea El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Venezuela Panama Colombia U.S.: full withdrawal of nuclear missiles in Cuba U.S.S.R.: promise to never invade Castro’s Cuba & removal of some intercontinental missiles in Greece & Turkey

Cold War Timeline in Latin America 1954—CIA aids coup of Guatemala 1959—Fidel Castro’s coup creates pro-USSR government 1960—CIA supports coup in El Salvador 1961—CIA trains 1,400 Cuban exiles for Bay of Pigs invasion 1961—CIA-backed coup overthrows communist friendly Ecuador 1963—CIA-backed coup overthrows suspected communist leader in Dominican Republic 1964—U.S. military aids coup in Brazil after leader nationalized oil industry 1973—U.S. aids coup in Chile because he opposes communism (he terminates civil liberties in Chile) 1980—U.S. supports anti-communist regime in El Salvador 1981—CIA aids “Contras” in Nicaragua 1983—U.S. trains Mejia to start coup in Guatemala 1983—U.S. invades Grenada to stop communist revolution 1989—U.S. invades Panama to oust Noriega for drug trafficking

The Soviet Union’s Vietnam Afghanistan USSR invasion in 1979

During the 1970’s Afghanistan had a pro-Soviet regime Soviet Union EUROPE Turkey China During the 1970’s Afghanistan had a pro-Soviet regime Iraq Iran Afghanistan Pakistan Saudi Arabia India AFRICA Indian Ocean

In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan Soviet Union EUROPE Turkey China Iraq Iran Afghanistan Pakistan In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan Saudi Arabia India AFRICA Indian Ocean

In 1989, the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan Soviet Union EUROPE Turkey China Iraq Iran Afghanistan In 1989, the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan Pakistan Saudi Arabia India AFRICA Indian Ocean

Cold War Sports The Olympics 1972 Munich Summer Games 1980 Winter Olympics (Lake Placid, New York) 1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow, Russia) 1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles, California) The first rule of Olympic competition was amateur athletes instead of professional. The two great problems of Cold War Olympics were: Soviet Bloc athletes trained full-time but maintained amateur status—giving them an unfair advantage Judged events were susceptible to “Western” or Communist bias

Palestinians storm the Olympic Village and murder 11 Israeli athletes in the middle of the games

The United States men’s basketball team had never lost an Olympic game until the gold medal match between the USA and USSR in 1972. The USSR was granted several “do-overs” until they finally scored in the final seconds to defeat the USA at the buzzer. To this day, every USA player has refused to accept their silver medals.

The USSR’s dominance in hockey was undeniable The USSR’s dominance in hockey was undeniable. They had captured nearly every world title and Olympic gold since 1956. The 1980 USSR hockey team defeated the NHL All-Stars 6-0 and had defeated Team USA in an exhibition less than a month before 10 to 3. Trailing 2 goals to 3 in the final period Team USA scored 2 unanswered goals to complete “the Miracle on Ice.”

Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Jimmy Carter gave the USSR an ultimatum to withdraw or the United States would boycott the Moscow Summer Games in the fall of 1980.

Los Angeles 1984 Summer Games In retaliation for the 1980 Moscow Boycott, the USSR and the Soviet Bloc skipped the Olympics in the United States. Unlike the previous games, their non-attendance was not the financial punishment that the United States delivered to the communists in 1980.

Israel and Middle East Conflict

The World War I British mandate of Palestine 1917 – Balfour Declaration

Palestine existed as a mandate through World War II. Zionists wanted a Jewish homeland created there. The predominantly Arab population living there wanted their freedom granted but without an increase in the Jewish population.

Key Geographical Points Galilee along the border with Christian dominated Lebanon The strategic Golan Heights taken from Syria Arab Palestinian dominated Gaza Strip and the West Bank The holy city of Jerusalem, sacred to Jews, Christians and Muslims The historic Dead Sea The historically Egyptian Sinai Peninsula The Suez Canal, Gulf of Suez and Gulf of Aqaba; all important to Israel for trade

Palestine existed as a mandate through World War II. Zionists wanted a Jewish homeland created there. The predominantly Arab population living there wanted their freedom granted but without an increase in the Jewish population.

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine and the Jewish state of Israel.

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine and the Jewish state of Israel.

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine and the Jewish state of Israel.

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine and the Jewish state of Israel.

In 1947 it was proposed that Palestine be divided into two separate nations – the Arab state of Palestine and the Jewish state of Israel. This would divide the territory. In 1948, the United Nations adopted the proposal.

Israel’s Arab neighbors attacked within 24 hours of the creation of the state of Israel.

Israel’s Arab neighbors attacked within 24 hours of the creation of the state of Israel.

In a few months, Israel had defeated their attackers and controlled half of what had been the Arab Palestine. The Eisenhower Doctrine and a pro-Israeli foreign policy placed the United States in the middle of the conflict.

In a few months, Israel had defeated their attackers and controlled half of what had been the Arab Palestine.

In a few months, Israel had defeated their attackers and controlled half of what had been the Arab Palestine.

In a few months, Israel had defeated their attackers and controlled half of what had been the Arab Palestine.

In a few months, Israel had defeated their attackers and controlled half of what had been the Arab Palestine.

Palestine and Israel by the end of 1949.

In the Six Day War of 1967, Israel took the West Bank

In the Six Day War of 1967, Israel took the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, ending the existence of Palestine

In the Six Day War of 1967, Israel took the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, ending the existence of Palestine. They also took the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt

In the Six Day War of 1967, Israel took the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, ending the existence of Palestine. They also took the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt and the Golan Heights from Syria.

By the end of 1967, Israel was nearly four times its original size. Palestine ceased to exist, being absorbed by her Arab neighbors and then Israel. Egypt had their enemy, Israel, just across the Suez Canal.

In the late 1970’s, the U.S. sponsored meetings between Israel and Egypt leading to the Camp David Accords and a strained peace. In 1982, the Sinai was returned to Egypt.

In the late 1970’s, the U.S. sponsored meetings between Israel and Egypt leading to the Camp David Accords and a strained peace. In 1982, the Sinai was returned to Egypt.

In the late 1970’s, the U.S. sponsored meetings between Israel and Egypt leading to the Camp David Accords and a strained peace. In 1982, the Sinai was returned to Egypt.

In the late 1970’s, the U.S. sponsored meetings between Israel and Egypt leading to the Camp David Accords and a strained peace. In 1982, the Sinai was returned to Egypt.

In 1993, an historic agreement between Israel and the PLO gave limited autonomy to the Palestinians in the West Bank under the Palestinian Authority led by Yasir Arafat.

In 1993, an historic agreement between Israel and the PLO gave limited autonomy to the Palestinians in the West Bank under the Palestinian Authority led by Yasir Arafat.

In 1993, an historic agreement between Israel and the PLO gave limited autonomy to the Palestinians in the West Bank under the Palestinian Authority led by Yasir Arafat.

In 1993, an historic agreement between Israel and the PLO gave limited autonomy to the Palestinians in the West Bank under the Palestinian Authority led by Yasir Arafat. Recent events have all but wiped out the hope that agreement brought to the region.

Collapse of the Soviet Union ECONOMIC command economy military costs low production levels POLITICAL resistance of Satellite States and non-Russian republics corruption lack of freedom (glasnost & perestroika)

Soviet Union As the Soviet hold weakened, the Satellite States began to establish themselves independently Poland East Germany Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Bulgaria

Non-Russian Republics Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Ukraine Moldova Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Armenia Georgia Azerbaijan

Russia Estonia Latvia Lithuania Belarus Poland Germany Ukraine Moldova Romania The Soviet Union dissolved and the non-Russian republics began to set up their own governments Africa

Russia EUROPE Kazakhstan Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Armenia Azerbaijan Tajikistan Turkmenistan The Soviet Union dissolved and the non-Russian republics began to set up their own governments AFRICA

Collapse of the Soviet Union Reagan vs. Gorbachev

In 1989, the Communist hold began weakening and in 1991 the Warsaw Pact was dissolved

The re-unification of Germany led to the former East German territory becoming part of NATO

Political concerns led to the creation of the Partnership for Peace in 1994 which included, among other nations, Russia and most of the former Warsaw Pact states

Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic were admitted to NATO in 1999

In 2003, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria were conditionally admitted Estonia Latvia Lithuania Slovakia Slovenia Romania Bulgaria

Albania and Macedonia are on a candidate waiting list for membership

Croatia has applied for membership and is waiting to hear about becoming a candidate

Organization of American States (OAS) 1948 Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico 21 nations Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1948

Organization of American States (OAS) 1967 Caribbean Sea Barbados Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Gulf of Mexico Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago added Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1967

Organization of American States (OAS) 1969 Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Jamaica Honduras Jamaica added Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1969

Organization of American States (OAS) 1975 Grenada Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Honduras Guatemala Grenada added El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1975

Organization of American States (OAS) 1977 Venezuela Suriname Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Honduras Guatemala Suriname added El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1977

Organization of American States (OAS) 1979 Dominica St. Lucia Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Dominica and Saint Lucia added Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1979

Organization of American States (OAS) 1981 Antugua and Barbuda St. Vincent and the Grenadines Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Antigua & Barbuda and Saint Vincent & the Grenadines added Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1981

Organization of American States (OAS) 1982 Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay The Bahamas Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Honduras The Bahamas added Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1982

St. Kitts and Nevis added Organization of American States (OAS) 1984 Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Honduras Guatemala St. Kitts and Nevis added El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1984

Organization of American States (OAS) 1990 Venezuela Colombia Ecuador Canada Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Honduras Canada added Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1990

Belize and Guyana added Organization of American States (OAS) 1991 Venezuela Guyana Colombia Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Belize and Guyana added Belize Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) 1991

35 nations Organization of American States (OAS) today Antugua and Barbuda St. Kitts and Nevis Dominica St. Vincent and the Grenadines St. Lucia Grenada Barbados Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela Guyana Suriname Colombia Ecuador Canada Brazil Peru Bolivia United States Chile Argentina Uruguay The Bahamas Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico 35 nations Jamaica Belize Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Organization of American States (OAS) today

Victory in the Cold War and the results elsewhere in the World Socialism/Communism failed in practical use in world history. Even China has opened its global economy in order to expand its world power. The Goddess of Democracy, carved and erected in Tiananmen Square in 1989