FINANCES & ECONOMY IN HRE NORMAN DOMINATION IN SICILY ROGER I & SON ROGER II FREDERICK I & FREDERICK II – VIEW ITALY AS REVENUE PRODUCING N. ITALIAN CITY-STATES & PAPAL STATES NOT INTERESTED & DEFEAT IN LEGNANO COMPROMISE N. ITALY REMAINS INDEPENDENT BUT PAYS ANNUAL FEE TO F. BARBAROSSA HENRY VI SON OF F.B. STRONGEST RULER SINCE CHARLEMAGNE BUT PREMATURE DEATH & EMPIRE FELL APART FREDERICK II RAISED IN SICILY & COSMOPOLITAN & FOCUS ON ITALY SO GERMAN PRINCES TAKE OVER

RECOVERY & REFORM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

Obj: What issues led to reform in the Church & how effective were they in achieving their goals? CHALLENGES TO THE PAPACY POLITICAL DIVISION IN ITALY BYZANTINE POSSESSIONS MUSLIMS HRE ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL NORTHERN & CENTRAL ITALY MONASTIC IDEAL SUFFERED DUE TO POLITICAL CONCERNS OF PAPACY & CHURCH OBLIGATIONS OF FEUDAL SYSTEM LED TO CONCERN FOR MATERIAL ITEMS AT EXPENSE OF SPIRITUAL RESPONSIBILITIES LAY INVESTITURE CEREMONY SIMONY CLERICAL MARRIAGE

MONASTIC REFORM CLUNY ABBEY & WM. OF AQUITAINE 910 IN FRANCE RENEWED DEDICATION TO BENEDIC- TINE RULE INDEPENDENT FROM LOCAL RULE MORE WORK, MORE PRAYER LESS RELIANCE ON MATERIAL LIFE SOUND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT REPRESENTED ORDER + STABILITY IN DISORDERLY & UNSTABLE WORLD PAPAL SUPPORT KEY IN SUCCESS OF CLUNAIC REFORM 100S OF ABBEYS THROUGHOUT EUROPE

GREAT SCHISM 1054 POPE & PATRIARCH? WHO HAS UNI- VERSAL JURISDICTION LEAVENED OR UNLEAVENED BREAK ROLE OF CONSTNATINOPLE IN HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY SUPRESSION OF GREEK & LATIN LANGUAGES IN RESPECTIVE AREAS PATRIARCH MICHAEL I & POPE LEO IX FINAL DIVISION OF ROMAN CATHOLIC & EASTERN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY DIVISION EXISTS TODAY

LAY INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY 1075 KING HENRY IV OF HRE & POPE GREGORY VII ELIMINATE POLITICAL ASPECT OF APPOINTING CHURCH OFFICIALS GREATEST REFORM POPE ONLY CHURCH HAS RIGHT TO ELECT OFFICIALS & RUN ITS OWN AFFAIRS HENRY IV DISAGREES – TRADITIONALLY KINGS APPOINT CLERGY BISHOPRIC OF MILAN IMMEDIATE CAUSE – POPE & KING DIFFER ON CANDIDATE POPE THREATENS EXCOMMUNICATION KING DEPOSES POPE AT SYNOD POPE FOLLOWS THROUGH W/ THREAT ABSOLUTION & FORGIVENESS AT CANOSSA & BAN LIFTED BUT 3 YRS LATER AT IT AGAIN EXCOMM & H4 INVADES ITALY, TAKES ROME STRUGGLE ENDS 1122 CONCORDAT OF WORMS – POPE HAS FINAL AUTHORITY

SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES CIVIL WAR BETWEEN NOBLES VYING FOR POWER IN HRE BUILD UP OF CASTLES BY NOBILITY TO SYMBOLIZE INCREASED POWER & INDEDPENDENCE FROM POPE & EMPEROR NOBLES HOLD REAL POWER IN HRE & EMPEROR WILL NEVER HAVE ULTIMATE AUTHORITY & LOYALTY OF SUBJECTS SUCCESSORS OF HENRY IV RELINQUISH RIGHTS & PRIVILEGES TO NOBLES FREDERICK I AND II CANT STRENGTHEN MONARCHY AGAINST NOBILITY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPE & EMPEROR ALWAYS DIFFERENT THAN WITH OTHER MONARCHS 1) POPE CROWNED EMPEROR AND 2) POPE & EMPEROR CLAIMED PAPAL STAES & NORTHERN ITALY UNDER THEIR CONTROL

PAPAL MONARCHY INNOCENT III REFORM CONTINUED AFTER G7 PAPAL CNETRALIZATION POPE URBAN II – PAPAL CURIA OR PAPAL COURT COURT FOR ALL APPEALS INVOLVING CHURCH: MARRIAGE, PROPERTY, OATHS MOST POPES IN 12 TH & 13 TH C. TRAINED AS LAWYERS NOT MONKS COLLEGE OF CARDINALS ONLY ONES TO SELECT POPE INNOCENT III SUPREME JUDGE OF ALL EARTHLY AFFAIRS USE OF EXCOMMUNICATION & INTER-DICT – KING JOHN (E) & PHILIP II (F) INQUISITION: CRUSADE AGAI NST THOSE WITHIN THE CHURCH FRANCISCANS, DOMINICANS & CISTERCIANS – SANCTIONED BY INNOCENT DUE TO CORRUPTION WITHIN & RESULT OF REFORMS