2. The Middle Ages: The Rise of the Church

3. “There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings.” ~Pope Gelasius I

4. The End of Roman Empire Meant:  Starvation, disease & filth  Lack of education  Lack of defense

5. Meanwhile In the East.. Muslims had built great empire Muslims had built great empire Byzantines thriving Byzantines thriving Both enjoyed art, education, security & civilization Both enjoyed art, education, security & civilization

6. The Rise of the Church in the West: Pope Gregory:  Efficient Church administration  Supported monasteries  Endorsed Christian missionary efforts  Strengthened the papacy (“office of the Pope”)

8. Rise of the Church in the West Cont.: St. Benedict & Benedictines:  Monastic order that preserved ancient knowledge  Monasteries open to everyone- religious education

9. Vocabulary Canon Law- the body of laws governing the religious practices of Christian Church Secular- worldly and concerned with the here and now (not religious)

11. Pope Seeks Powerful Ruler- why? Split between popes and eastern Roman emperors Split between popes and eastern Roman emperors Invaders from north & east- who? Invaders from north & east- who? Muslims invading from west Muslims invading from west

12. Roles of the Church Unifies Europe Unifies Europe Dominated all aspects of life: Dominated all aspects of life: Art & Music Romanesque architecture Religious education  Created bureaucracy Pope, Archbishop, Bishop, Monks & Local Priests (structure like Roman Imperial System)

13. Let’s Review the Challenges Western Europe faces in 500: Collapse of Roman Empire unleashed movements of barbarians across Europe Collapse of Roman Empire unleashed movements of barbarians across Europe Magyars, Vikings, Angles, Britons, & Saxons Magyars, Vikings, Angles, Britons, & Saxons Europe weak & vulnerable Europe weak & vulnerable

14. Donation of Pepin In 756, Pepin the Short In 756, Pepin the Short donated a strip of land to donated a strip of land to the Church in exchange the Church in exchange for being named “king by the grace of God”

15. Rise of the Franks: 1. Defeated other Barbarians 2. Charles Martel stopped Muslim invasion at Battle of Tours 3. Created Carolingian Empire (Pepin the Short and Charlemagne)

16. Charlemagne Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III- Linked powerful Carolingian monarchy & Church Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III- Linked powerful Carolingian monarchy & Church Created order Created order Revived Greco- Roman learning through creation of monasteries Revived Greco- Roman learning through creation of monasteries

17. Pope Leo crowning Charlemagne

19. Holy Roman Empire Otto the Great (I) was king of Germany (936) and followed Charlemagne’s policies Formed alliance close to Church Invaded Italy on behalf of Pope and named his German-Italian Empire the Holy Roman Empire Strongest state in Europe until 1100

20. The Holy Roman Empire

21. Popes and Emperors Clash Popes disliked concept of “lay investiture” Popes disliked concept of “lay investiture” Kings and nobles appointing church officials Kings and nobles appointing church officials –Bishops were most influential clergy Pope Gregory VII banned practice (1075) Pope Gregory VII banned practice (1075) –Emperor Henry IV fought back German bishops and priests sided with the Pope Henry begged forgiveness Henry begged forgiveness Concordat of Wurms (1122) Concordat of Wurms (1122) –Church appoint bishops, but emperor may veto appointments

22. Further Clashes Struggles between German kings and Church continued Struggles between German kings and Church continued –Frederick I (Barbarossa) invaded Italian lands angering pope –Pope’s Lombard League defeated Frederick’s armies –Loss signaled power of Church over surrounding kingdoms

23. The Great Schism “Schism” means rift, split, or division In 1054, the Roman Catholic Church split into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches

24. Differences Between The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches Roman Catholic: Roman Catholic: Headed by Pope Headed by Pope Independent of rule by national governments Independent of rule by national governments Priests may not marry. Priests may not marry. Divorce is not permitted. Divorce is not permitted. Eastern Orthodox: Eastern Orthodox: Headed by Patriarch Headed by Patriarch Sanctioned by and subject to approval by national governments Sanctioned by and subject to approval by national governments Priests may marry Priests may marry Divorce permitted under certain conditions. Divorce permitted under certain conditions.