1. The Church and State: Leaders and Followers Who were important people within the Church? What authority did the Church have over the people? How did the Church and the small European nations get along? What is lay investiture and why was it controversial?

2. Religious devotees Monks –live in monasteries –perform manual labor –no property –had to live a strict life (Benedictine rules) –Daily tasks in silence Nuns –lived in convents –life of charity Monasteries and nunneries were safe havens for pilgrims and other travelers Between prayers, the monks read or copied religious texts and music –often well educated –devoted to writing and learning

3. Pilgrims Pilgrimages were an important part of religious life Pilgrim= person who travels for a religious purpose visit holy shrines: Canterbury Cathedral (England) and sites in Jerusalem and Rome The Crusades (1000- 1500) were at first considered pilgrimages, then holy war Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales –Fictional stories told by 30 pilgrims as they traveled to Canterbury

4. The Church’s Influence The Church had a structure of power, from the pope down to the laity. –Those not in the laity=clergy –Gave sacraments, or important religious ceremonies/rites (baptism, Eucharist…) Feudalism and manor system split people apart; religion a unifying force –Sense of security –Idea that suffering would end in afterlife –Village church religious and social center of life –Holidays & “feast days”

5. Church had religious and political authority Canon law=Church law guiding people’s actions (marriage, religious practice) Established courts to try people that broke canon law –Excommunication: banishment from the Church –Interdict: sacraments, services could not be held in a king’s lands Many believed they would not be saved without

6. The Holy Roman Empire Otto I (the Great) formed alliance with Church 936 Supported by bishops, abbots against nobles’ strength Invaded Italy on pope’s behalf, crowned Holy Roman Emperor 962 –Became Holy Roman Empire –Causes conflict with other kings, nobles over land

7. Lay investiture The Church didn’t like that kings had power over clergy –Practice of lay investiture was a ceremony in which kings/nobles appointed church officials 1075: Gregory VII bans it; Henry IV orders him to step down –Henry excommunicated –Canossa meeting winter 1077 Concordat of Worms 1122 ends fight –Only Church could appoint bishops, but emperor could veto –Separation of church and state?

8. Disorder in the HRE The Holy Roman Empire realized it needed strong leadership to keep peace Frederick “Barbarossa” I –Control only when within HRE –Repeated invasion of Italy for riches; Italy and the Pope create Lombard League against him –1176: LL defeats Frederick at Legnano First time feudal knights had lost (use of crossbows) Continue to fight wars with Italian city states –Germany did not unify as result –This system of princes electing king also weakened authority –England and France have more land, power