They make up all living organisms! Macromolecules They make up all living organisms!

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are SUGARS! Function as energy for our cells so that we can think, move, and live! The elements that make up all carbohydrates are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen or CHO These elements are usually in a 1C:2H:1O ratio Anything that ends in –ose is a carbohydrate!

Carbohydrates The monomers or building blocks of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides Remember “saccharides = sack of sugar” Monosaccharaides are a single sugar molecule and are the simple sugars Glucose, fructose, & galactose are examples of monosaccharides that are found mainly in fruits and vegetables

Carbohydrates Disaccharides are 2 simple sugars (or monosaccharides) bonded together Sucrose is glucose + fructose Do you remember the name of the reaction that joins two monomers together? Polysaccharides are 3 or more simple sugars joined together and are complex sugars, like bread or potatoes

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Starch is a complex carbohydrate with hundreds of glucose molecules linked together and is the main energy storage in plants Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate with hundreds of glucose molecules linked in a way that branches and is the main way to store energy in animals We store glycogen in our liver

Carbohydrates Cellulose is a polysaccharide that humans cannot digest It is found in plants and gives structure to the plant, holding it up against the force of gravity Why do we still eat plants? Chitin is a polysaccharide that forms the hard shells on insects and other invertebrates

Carbohydrates

Thinking Question Before heading to the library for a long study session, students would be wise to consume oatmeal rather than fresh fruit. Why?

Proteins Proteins are the body building macromolecule! They make up skin, nails, feathers, horns, hair, bones, muscles, etc. Proteins provide structure, help with transporting substances like oxygen on the hemoglobin protein, and work as enzymes that speed up chemical reaction in our body Almost all proteins are made from all the elements of life: CHNOPS

Proteins The building blocks (monomers) of proteins are amino acids There are 20 different amino acids and when combined to make a protein, they are like beads on a string Essential amino acids are ones that our body cannot make, so we must get them from our diets

Proteins

Thinking Question Food labels indicate how many grams of protein are contained in a food item. Why is this information only partially helpful for effectively guiding your protein intake?

Lipids (fats) Like carbs, lipids are made from CHO, but in different proportions Mostly made of CH with only a little O Lipids function in energy storage and insulation The C-H bonds in lipids give off a lot of energy when broken The C-H bonds also make lipids non-polar What does this mean again?

Lipids The monomers of lipids are fatty acids, which are long tails of C and H The fatty acids tails are attached to a glycerol head, which holds multiple fatty acids together Triglycerides are 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

Lipids Saturated fats Unsaturated fats Each carbon in the fatty acid chain has 2 H atoms and the carbons are single-bonded to each other Packs tightly & can clog arteries Due to tight packing, it’s solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats At least 1 carbon in the fatty acid chain is bound to just 1 hydrogen and is double bonded to another carbon This makes the fatty acid kinked, so it can’t pack well Liquid at room temperature

Lipids

Lipids Also make up cell membranes and function as a barrier to only allow certain things in and out of the cell These lipids are called phospholipids because they have a phosphate head

Nucleic Acids Are made up of the elements CHNOP Function in transmitting genetic information This is what we inherit from our parents! Made up of building blocks of nucleotides Nucleotides have 3 parts: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid RNA stands for ribonucleic acid Both RNA and DNA are important in holding the genetic information to build an organism

Nucleic Acids