2. What Are Biomolecules???? Biomolecules There are 4 biomolecules
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
The 4 biomolecules are large molecules that are necessary for life
Bio = Life
Molecule = a group of atoms held together by bonds
Nicknames
Organic molecules
Organic = living matter
Macromolecules
Macro = large
Biomolecules

3. Functions of Biomolecules

4. Set Up Your Notes Biomolecule Functions Important Source Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

5. PROTEINS Functions Provide structure
Transport substances into and out of cells
Speed up chemical reactions
Important…
Proteins are found EVERYWHERE!!!!
Source
Meat
Eggs
Beans
Nuts

6. Functions Short term energy storage Source Bread Potatoes Fruit Sugar
CARBOHYDRATES
Functions
Short term energy storage
Source
Bread
Potatoes
Fruit
Sugar

7. LIPIDS Functions Long term energy storage Insulate the body
Cushion organs
Important
Lipids make up cell membranes
Source
Oil
Wax (butter)
Fat (bacon)

8. NUCLEIC ACIDS Functions Store genetic information Important
The only 2 examples are DNA & RNA
Can be found in…..
You can’t eat your DNA silly!!!

9. Structures of Biomolecules

10. First things first…Chemistry 101
Letters represent different elements
More Bonds = More Energy
Circles are more stable than lines
Element Key
C = carbon
O = oxygen
H = hydrogen
N = nitrogen
P = phosphorus
S = sulfur

11. All biomolecules are formed through POLYMERIZATION
Monomers:
Any small molecule that can be joined together
Polymers:
Any large molecule made up of small units
Polymerization:
Small molecules (monomers) bond together to former larger molecules (polymers)

12. Polymerization…A Closer Look
Dehydration Synthesis
Bond is formed between two monomers through the loss of a water molecule
Build polymers
Bond formed - Peptide bond
Hydrolysis:
Bond is broken between two monomers through the addition of a water molecule
Break down polymers

14. Set Up Your Notes Biomolecule Elements Monomers Polymer Notes Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

15. PROTEINS The Elements Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen The Monomer
Amino acids
The Polymer
Protein

16. The structure of proteins is VERY important STRUCTURE = FUNCTION

17. CARBOHYDRATES The Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen The Monomer
Monosaccharides = Simple sugars
The Polymer
Polysaccharides = Complex Carbohydrates = Starches & Glycogen

18. LIPIDS The Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Made up of (not a polymer)
Glycerols + Fatty Acids

19. Families of lipids Phospholipids Fats Steriods
LIPIDS…A Little More
Families of lipids
Phospholipids
Fats
Steriods

20. Glycerol Head - Hydrophilic
Phospholipids
Basic Structure
Head - glycerol + PO4
Tail - 2 fatty acids
Make up cell membranes
Glycerol Head - Hydrophilic
Fatty Acid Tail - Hydrophobic

21. Fats Basic Structure Head - glycerol Tail - fatty acids
Triacylglycerol
Glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids

22. Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

23. Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds
long, straight chain
most animal fats
solid at room temp.
contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits
Mostly animal fats 23

24. Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in the fatty acids plant & fish fats
vegetable oils
liquid at room temperature
the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together
Mostly plant lipids
Think about “natural” peanut butter:
Lots of unsaturated fats Oil separates out
Companies want to make their product easier to use:
Stop the oil from separating Keep oil solid at room temp.
Hydrogenate it = chemically alter to saturate it
Affect nutrition? 24

25. Saturated vs. Unsaturated 25

26. NUCLEIC ACIDS The Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
The Monomer
Nucleotides
The Polymer
Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)