1. Carbon Compounds
Section 2.3
Page 45-49

2. Vocabulary Words
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic acid
Protein
Amino acid

3. Nucleic Acids
Building blocks of DNA and RNA discussed in Biology B (Genetics)
--phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

4. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Organic compounds
Are compounds containing carbon atoms that are bonded to other elements

5. Are components of the compounds along with other elements.

6. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Organic compounds
4 principle classes found in living things (cells do not function without them)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

7. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1
Are a key source of energy
Are found in fruits and grains

8. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Carbohydrates
Can be made of simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Ex: glucose & fructose
Glucose is a major source of energy in cells

9. Monosaccharides—meaning one sugar
Ex. Glucose (blood sugar)—which is the universal cellular fuel

10. Monosaccharides—meaning one sugar
Ex. Glucose (blood sugar)—which is the universal cellular fuel

11. Glucose

12. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Carbohydrates
Can be made of simple sugars
Disaccharides
Composed of two monosaccharides
Ex: sucrose (aka table sugar)
Made of glucose & fructose

13. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Carbohydrates
Can be made of complex sugars
Polysaccharides
Composed of three or more monosaccharides
Ex: starch (made of multiple glucose units)

14. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Polysaccharides
Are examples of macromolecules
Large molecules made of many smaller molecules

15. Macromolecules
Many of the organic compounds in living cells are macromolecules, or “giant molecules,” made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules.
Most macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization, in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.

16. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Polysaccharides
Some function as energy storehouses for living organisms
Starch – made by plants from glucose molecules

17. Starchy Foods

18. Too large to pass through cell membrane; thus needs to be broken down to mono

19. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Polysaccharides
Glycogen – made by animals from glucose molecules

20. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Polysaccharides
Cellulose is a polysaccharide that gives support to plants, but is not digestible by humans

21. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Non-polar molecules that are not soluble in water
Ex: fats, steroids, waxes, phospholipids, pigments (like chlorophyll)

22. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Are important to the structure and function of our cell membranes
Phospholipids make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes

23. These are shaped like an “E” with three fatty acids and a single glycerol molecule.
Different neutral fats by different fatty acids (long chains of C), but glycerol is the same.

24. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Are important to the structure and function of our cell membranes
Steroids include cholesterol which is found in all animal cell membranes

25. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Fats – lipids that store energy
This is because bonds between carbon and hydrogen are full of energy so fats store large amounts of energy

26. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Fats
A typical fat contains three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbon atoms
A fatty acid is a chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded to them

27. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Fats
Saturated fatty acids are chains of carbons bonded to two hydrogen atoms

28. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Fats
Saturated fatty acid
Straight molecules that are usually solid at room temperature
Ex: butter, lard, grease from meats

29. Animal fats are saturated (solid) and oils are unsaturated (liquid)
Neutral fats represent the body’s most abundant and concentrated source of unusable energy.

30. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Fats
Unsaturated fatty acid
Carbon-hydrogen chains with double bonds between some carbon atoms
Produce kinks in the chain

31. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Lipids
Fats
Unsaturated fatty acid
Ex: plant oils, fish oils
Usually liquid at room temperature

32. Some Lipid Containing Food

33. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Proteins
Chain of molecules called amino acids that are linked together
Type of protein is determined by the number, type and arrangement of amino acids present

34. Protein chain Formation

35. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Proteins
Amino acids –
Building blocks of proteins
20 different amino acids in proteins
Each one has a unique structure

36. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Proteins
Enzymes
Proteins that cause chemical reactions
Are catalysts (chemicals that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy)

37. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Proteins
Examples…
Collagen – most abundant protein in body (found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones)
Antibodies – help fight against infection

38. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Proteins
Examples…
Hemoglobin – found in blood, carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues

39. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Nucleic Acids
Are found in all cells
Two types – DNA & RNA
Are long chains of smaller molecules called nucleotides
A, T, C, G in DNA
A, U, C, G in RNA

40. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Nucleic Acids
Are found in all cells
Two types – DNA & RNA
Are long chains of smaller molecules called nucleotides
Nucleotides have 3 parts:
Sugar, base, & phosphate group

41. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Nucleic Acids
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
2 strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other
Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases (across the molecule)

42. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Nucleic Acids
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
Form chromosomes that give hereditary information to make proteins

43. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Nucleic Acids
RNA – ribonucleic acid
Single strand of nucleotides
Used for cell function and making of proteins

44. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Nucleic Acids
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
Single nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups that store energy
Main energy for cells – need ATP to function

45. Carbon Compounds are found in Living Things
Nucleic Acids
ATP – adenosine triphosphate
When food is broken down in cells, some energy is stored as ATP and some is used by the cell