1. Carbon Compounds
TSW identify the characteristics (structure and function) of organic molecules

2. All living things contain…
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
“CHNOPS”
Inorganic: Do not contain Carbon (ex. Water)
Organic: Contain Carbon (ex. Biomolecules)

3. What is an organic molecule?
A molecule containing…
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Examples: Glucose, glycerol, amino acids

4. Why is Carbon so important?
It can form strong, stable (usually non-polar) covalent bonds
It can form up to 4 chemical bonds
It can form multiple bonds

5. Macromolecules “Giant Molecules”
Made from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules
Formed through a process called polymerization

6. Polymerization Monomer: single unit
Polymer: several monomers bonded together using dehydration synthesis
Basically, polymerization is like building a puzzle.

7. Dehydration Synthesis
Means to “take water out”
When two monomers are joined, an H from one is removed and joined to an OH from the other

8. Hydrolysis Hydro: Water Lysis: To split
Occurs when water is added to a chemical reaction to break down a macromolecule
Opposite of dehydration synthesis

10. Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

11. Carbohydrates Made of C, H, and O, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: Polysaccharide
Most living organisms use them as their main source of energy

12. Examples of Carbs
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Lactose
Cellulose

13. Important Polysaccharides
Glycogen: short-term energy storage in animals, stored in the liver until it is converted to fat
Cellulose: used for structure in plants, difficult to digest

14. Lipids Consist mostly of C and H Include fats, oils, and waxes
Not soluble in water
Functions: energy storage, make cell membrane, insulation

15. Components of Lipids Glycerol: an alcohol which serves as the backbone
3 Fatty Acids: long hydrocarbon chains

16. Types of Fats Saturated: no double bonds ( no C=C)
Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries.
Saturated: no double bonds ( no C=C)
Unsaturated: has double bonds (C=C)
Polyunsaturated: has many double bonds

17. Nucleic Acids Contain H, O, N, C, and P Monomer: nucleotides
Store and transmit genetic information
Example: DNA and RNA

18. What is a nucleotide? 3 main parts 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

19. Proteins Contain N, C, H, and O Monomer: Amino Acids
Regulate reactions and cell processes, form muscles and bones, etc.