The Industrial Revolution 1750 - 1850

Key Terms Industry – any business, usually manufacturing, that creates products for sale Revolution – a sudden & rapid change in society Patent – a legal right to be the only one allowed to make a product. Protects the inventors ideas from being stolen Capital – money required to start a business. It may be borrowed as a loan from banks or from individuals Factory System – a large scale method of manufacturing, using machines & workers in one large building

Mass Production – making large quantities of an item which reduces the cost of each unit & increases profit. Assembly line – stages in production where the products passes from one worker to the next to perform a specific job Cottage industry – small scale manufacturing done in the home or cottage of a single craftsperson (ex: Weaver making cloth at home on a loom)

Reasons the Ind. Rev. Began in Britain “The Workshop of the World” Natural resources (coal & iron, rivers, natural harbours, temperate climate) Medical advances gave higher birth rates, lower death rates which provided a growing population (more people filled jobs, larger domestic market) Private entrepreneurs provided capital for industrialization Improvements in agriculture to feed the growing population Foreign trade provided access to the colonies markets which provided raw materials Britain was free from invasion & domestic unrest which allowed them to pursue its industrial course without interruption

The Cottage Industry Weavers bought supplies from merchants & spun them into textiles They sold their products for more than the cost of the supplies to make a profit. Soon, production could not meet demand & new inventions and the factory system replaced the cottage industry Population move from country to city (cottages/farms to factories)

Inventions of the Ind. Rev. The Flying Shuttle by John Kay (1733) Helped increase speed when weaving cloth

The Spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves (1770)

The Water Frame by Sir Richard Arkwright (1769) Harnessed water power to produce textile materials Signaled the need to move to specialized mills near water sources Creation of factories

The Steam Engine by James Watt (1769) This was the single most important invention of the early Ind. Rev. Provided power that would run everything from textile factories & steel mills to locomotives & huge ships Improved transportation & communication b/c destinations could be reached much more quickly Provide continuous supply of power & could be located near raw materials & transportation centers

The Power Loom by Edmund Cartwright (1787)

The Factory System Obviously, the cottage industry could not keep up with supply and demand. These new machines were often too big to be put into homes so they were put into factories. Factories were located near a power source (coal, water, or forest.) Prices of mass produced textiles become less expensive to make and purchase than hand produced ones, thus forcing people out of work As a result, because of supply and demand workers in the cottage industry had to leave home to find work in the factories.

Iron Production Iron was the second industry to become mechanized With the steam engine, etc, cheap & plentiful iron provided the tough industrial material needed for Agricultural implements Building materials Military hardware Industrial machinery Britain soon became the world’s leading producer of iron Steam power use increased with iron production Led to the formation of the railways which were a symbol of the industrial age b/c they tied coal, iron & steam together.

Results of Improved Transportation Systems Development of roads & canals Reduced costs of moving raw materials which reduced costs of finished materials Railways cheap & fast transportation of goods Huge amount of workers required to build & maintain railroads Export industry – British goods were exported all over the world Britain became most industrialized country in the world Over ½ the population lived in cities