2 Main Categories Vascular Plants Nonvascular Plants Plant Classification 2 Main Categories Vascular Plants Nonvascular Plants

Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants do not have tube-like structures that transports water from roots to stems and leaves Mosses- have small root-like structures called rhizoids Liverworts- look similar to mosses but leaves are arranged differently

Mosses

Liverworts

Vascular Plants Vascular plants have tubular structures that provide stability and transportation for nutrients Seedless Vascular Plants Horsetails- have underground stems called rhizomes Club mosses- look like small evergreens Ferns- grow from rhizomes and have fronds Fronds- leafy branches of the fern Fiddle-head- coiled up frond

Horsetails

Club mosses

Ferns

Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants Seeds contain the embryo- newly forming plant 2 Groups- Angiosperms- flowering seed-bearing plants Gymnosperms- seed-bearing plants that do not flower most have cones that contain the seed

Gymnosperm Organized into 4 smaller groups 1. Cycads look like palm trees, but they have cones 2. Ginkgoes have flat fanned leaves 3. Gnetophytes found in hot dry deserts or tropical rain forests 4. Conifers the largest group of Gymnosperms They have cones They are the evergreens

Conifers Pine trees- Needles are grouped in bundles Produces resin which is used to make Tar, turpentine, ink, paint, adhesive, rosin (for use with violins)

Pine Trees

Conifers Firs and Spruce Needles are directly attached to the branches Cones stand upright and needles are flat and flexible Used to make pencils and plywood Spruce Cones hang down and needles are stiff and prickly Used to make canoes, furniture, musical instruments and paper

Firs

Spruce

Angiosperms Angiosperms are flowering seed-bearing plants The flowers produce seeds protected by an outer coating (they do not have a hard cone to protect them like Gymnosperms) Angiosperm trees usually have wide, flat leaves They are called broad leaved trees

Angiosperms-Growing Seasons Angiosperms can be classified by their growing season: Annuals Biennial Perenials Annuals live for only 1 growing season Biennial needs 2 growing seasons to fully develop The rest in the winter the flower, produce seeds and dies the next year Perennial can live for 3 or more years. They grow, flower and produce seeds year after year

Annuals Annuals live for only 1 growing season Include marigolds, tomatoes and sunflowers

Biennials Biennial needs 2 growing seasons to fully develop The rest in the winter the flower, produce seeds and dies the next year Include carrots, cabbage, Parsley and foxglove

Perennials Perennial can live for 3 or more years. They grow, flower and produce seeds year after year Include roses, oak trees, carnations, and spearmint

Classifying Angiosperms by Seed Structure Cotyledons tiny seed leaves of a plant embryo used to nourish a plant until it can undergo photosynthesis Dicotyledons- also called dicots- have 2 seed leaves Monocotyledons- also called monocots- have 1 seed leaf

DICOTS Most angiosperms are dicots They have a inner tube-like structure that is arranged in rings (their vascular tissue) They have a taproot system- one large thick root with Woody stems Branching veins Petals are arranged in groups of 4 or 5

MONOCOTS Have one seed leaf Vascular tissue is randomly scattered They have a fibrous root system They have parallel veins Petals are usually arranged in groups of 3