1. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity

2. What is a plant?
Include examples like trees, moss, flowers, bushes, grass, crops, etc
Multicellular eukaryotes
Have cell walls, chloroplasts & chlorophyll
Autotrophs (produce their own food through photosynthesis)
Vary in size from less than 25 micrometers to over 117 meters tall
Can survive in all types of environments

3. What do plants need to survive?
Sunlight
chloroplasts/chlorophylls
Water
roots or osmosis through rhizoids
Gas exchange
leaves
Transportation of nutrients and water to its parts
Vascular tissue or rhizoids

4. Evolution of Plants algae Bryophytes (moss) ferns gymnosperms
Aquatic & nonvascular
algae
nonvascular
Bryophytes (moss)
Nonseeded vascular
ferns
Seeded &Vascular
gymnosperms
angiosperms

5. Adaptations of Bryophytes
Bryophytes are able to get the water they need through osmosis
They are also able to tolerate harsh environments as long as water is available

6. Groups of Bryophytes Mosses Liverworts Hornworts The most common group
Dependent on water
Liverworts
Hornworts

7. Plant Classifications: Seed Plants
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
250,000 species
Have flowers (reproductive structures)
Seeds are protected in seed coats inside the fruit
Can be further classified into two major groups: monocots and dicots
Can also be classified based on life span: annuals (one year life span), biennials (two year life span), and perennials (many years life span)
700 species
Seeds are protected in cones
Includes gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers

8. Reproduction in Bryophytes
All bryophytes reproduce with alternating generations of gametophytes and sporophytes
The gametophyte stage is when the plant cells produce gametes (sex cells) (these are haploid); when the plant is haploid. This is also the dominant stage (the one your most familiar with)
The sporophyte stage is the diploid stage. When gametophytes produce spores

9. Adapting to Land
The development of vascular tissue had enabled plants to occupy more land since its now out of her home.

10. The phyla of spore-bearing plants
Club Mosses
Horsetails
Ferns

11. Life Cycle of a Fern
Ferns during the sporophyte stage produce spores which are haploid
The spores are carried by pollinators
The spores then germinate and turn into gametophytes
The gametophytes produce gametes which will undergo fertilization in the presence of water

12. Reproductive advantage of seed plants
The life cycle of seed-bearing plants are similar to that of seedless plants
Unlike the seedless plants, seed plants do not require water for fertilization of the gametes – so seed plants can live virtually anywhere, while seedless plants must remain near an adequate water source

13. Evolution of Seed Plants
Seed plants evolved to the number it is today because
Seeds provided protection for the embryos
Seeds provided an initial food source for the embryos
Seeds allowed plants to wander far from “home” because they didn’t require a water source.

14. Gymnosperm Groups
Gnetophytes
Cycads
Ginkgoes
Conifers

15. Angiosperms Traits Life Spans
Have seeds enclosed in protective structures
Seeds turn into fruit
Annual = one year life span
Biennial = two year life span
Perennial = more than two year life span

16. Plant Classification: Angiosperms
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds = one cotyledon
Leaves = parallel veins
Flower parts = in multiple of 3’s
Stems = vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
Roots = fibrous roots
Seeds = two cotyledon
Leaves = branched veins
Flower parts = in multiple of 4’s or 5’s
Stems = vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Roots = taproots