1. PLANT BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND NEEDS
Chapter 12

2. Kinds of plants
Plants are the basis of the food chain for all living things.
Botany – the science of the study of plants
Over 280,000 species of plants.

3. Angiosperms Angiosperm is a plant with enclosed seeds.
More than half of all living plants are classified as flowering plants or angiosperms
Angiosperms are the most highly evolved of the plants
Each flower usually contains both pollen and ovules
Pollination can be completed by wind, insects, or by the plant itself
Cotyledons are the seedling leaves when the seed first sprouts or germinates
Angiosperms are either monocots (one cotyledon) or dicots (two).

4. Monocots Leaves have parallel veins
Leaves are usually long and blade-like
Stems tend to be non-woody with scattered vascular bundles
Roots tend to be fibrous
Flowers have 3 petals or multiples of 3
Grasses are the most important monocots.

6. Dicots Dicots have branching veins
Leaves are typically compound or deeply lobed
Stems tend to be woody
Roots tend to be woody and widely branched
Flowers have petals in groups of 4 or 5
Deciduous trees (lose leaves) are among the most important dicots to F&W.

8. Conifers
Conifers typically have evergreen needles for leaves and produce cones
Includes members of the pine, fir, cedar, and spruce families
They are so well-adapted, they have remained relatively unchanged for 300 million years.

9. Major Plant Parts
Root – anchors the plant and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil
Shoot – the above-ground portion of the plant that provides support, conducts water and other materials within the plant, and manufactures food by photosynthesis.
Node – place on a stem where leaves are attached
Vegetative stage – young rapidly-growing, non-flowering stage
Reproductive stage – when a plant starts producing flowers, fruits, and seed.

11. Plant Life Cycles
Annuals – short-lived plants in which the entire life cycle, from germination to seed production, takes place in one growing season
Biennials – have a two-year life cycle; they do not normally bloom until the second season after the seed is planted
Perennials – live from year to year; generally divided into two categories – woody and herbaceous.

12. Annuals

13. Biennials

14. Perennials

15. Plant Reproduction
Vegetative reproduction – asexual reproduction, vegetative propagation; can multiply in more ways than just by seed
Usually by runners (stolons), rhizomes (thick, underground stem), and horizontal roots
Sexual Reproduction – seeds are produced in flowers; stamen is male reproductive structure; pistil is female reproductive structure
Monoecious – staminate and pistillate flowers produced on same plant
Dioecious – staminate and pistillate flowers produced on separate plants

16. Vegetative Propagation

17. Monoecious plants

18. Dioecious Plants