Effects of the Black Death! -Decline in Population -Scarcity of Labor < - Decline of Church influence - Freed from feudalism and disrupted traded

Main Idea Details So What? The FRAME Key Topic is about . . . The Franks How Charlemagne and the Franks revived the idea of the Roman Empire Frankish Empire Charlemagne The Franks were a Germanic Tribe that were centered in Gaul Before the fall of the Roman Empire, many Franks fought along side the Romans After the fall of Rome (5th Century), the Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe The Frankish Kings allied with the Catholic Church to spread Roman Culture and Christianity The Franks reached their greatest heights under ruler Charlemagne The Pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 A.D. (C.E.) Under Charlemagne, the Franks became first European Empire after the fall of Rome Charlemagne built churches, roads, and schools to unite the empire Charlemagne and the Franks were responsible for re-establishing Roman Culture and the power of the Catholic Church The alliance between the Frankish kings and the Catholic Church re-established Roman Culture

Invaders of Europe During the Middle Ages Main Idea Details So What? The FRAME Key Topic is about . . . Invaders of Europe During the Middle Ages How invaders influenced the development of Europe during the Middle Ages Germanic Invaders Influence of Invaders Angles and Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England The Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary The Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia Invasions by the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social ,economic, and political order of Europe The invasions of these groups strengthened the feudal system by: - Disrupting trade and destroying towns - Forcing people onto manors, which had castles for protection Invaders forced more people to turn to feudalism for safety

Germanic Invaders Map: Scandinavia Russia England Hungary Angles and Saxons = ________________________ Magyars Vikings

The Development of European Nation States Main Idea So What? The FRAME Key Topic is about . . . The Development of European Nation States Describing the emergence of nation-states in Europe during the Late Middle-Ages England France William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of England. Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II. King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the king’s power. The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England as a nation. Evolution of Parliament—Legislative Branch of British Govt. Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define France as a nation Joan of Arc was a unifying factor

The Development of European Nation States Main Idea Details So What? The FRAME Key Topic is about . . . The Development of European Nation States Describing the emergence of nation-states in Europe during the Late Middle-Ages Spain Russia Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Jews and Moors - Funded Christopher Columbus’ voyage Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V. Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar The Orthodox Church influenced unification European monarchies consolidated their power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period.

Map of European Nation-States during the Middle Ages Russia England France Spain

What were the key events and effects of the Crusades? Main Idea Details So What? The FRAME Key Topic is about . . . Christian Crusades What were the key events and effects of the Crusades? Key Events Key Effects Pope Urban’s Speech started the Crusades—he encouraged Christian’s to take back the “holy land’ from the Muslims - Including the city of Jerusalem Jerusalem had been taken over by the Muslims in the 7th Century (600-699 A.D.) Christian Franks were able to recapture Jerusalem from the Jews and Muslims in 1099 A.D. After defeating the Jews and Muslims, Christian’s created Crusader states around Jerusalem Jerusalem was later lost to Muslim Caliph Saladin in the early 12th Century Constantinople was sacked by Western Muslim invaders Weakened the power of the Pope, nobles, and feudal system; strengthened the monarchs - Pope relied on the military power of kings and gave them land in exchange Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean and area and the Middle-East Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims Weakened the Byzantine Empire The Crusades were carried out by Christian religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

Mongolian Armies and the Fall of Constantinople Fall of Constantinople Main Idea Details So What? The FRAME Key Topic is about . . . Mongolian Armies and the Fall of Constantinople What were the key events and effects of the Crusades? Mongol Armies Fall of Constantinople Invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying the cities and countryside - Controlled Russia until expelled by Ivan the Great Created an empire under Genghis Khan that existed between 13th-14th Century Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire Renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire The Mongolian armies invaded most of Asia creating an empire. The Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire

Map of the Mongolian Empire (13-14th Century) Russia Mongolia Middle East/Muslim States China

Church Scholars The FRAME Routine Key Topic The FRAME Routine Church Scholars is about… How European and Church scholars interpreted and translated ancient cultures. Essential details Church officials were among the few that could read and write Scholars worked in monasteries—religious communities Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin Make new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe Started the construction of universities in Europe So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Education was limited to Church scholars. Most people in the Middle-Ages were uneducated.

Rise of Italian City-States Florence, Venice, and Genoa Italian Peninsula Main Idea Details So What? The FRAME Key Topic is about . . . Rise of Italian City-States How northern Italian cities benefited from their geographic location Florence, Venice, and Genoa Venice Genoa Florence Adriatic Sea Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe Wealth accumulated from European trade with the Middle East led to the rise of Italian city-states. Wealthy merchants were active civic leaders.

What were Machiavelli’s ideas about power Key Topic The FRAME Routine Niccolo Machiavelli is about… What were Machiavelli’s ideas about power Essential details Wrote the Prince—which was an early modern treatise* on government *--Formal written discourse (like an essay) Supports absolute power of the ruler Maintains that the end justifies the means Advises that one should not only do good if possible, but do evil when necessary Evil???Ehh…if you have to So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Machiavelli wrote the Prince as a guide for gaining and keeping power by absolute rule