What does CHEMISTRY have to do with each of these BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES? www.vaguebuttrue.com upload.wikimedia.org www.insomniacslounge.com stuffeducatedlatinoslike.files.wordpress.com find-happiness.com news.nationalgeographic.com

Unit 3 – Biochemistry Table of Contents Lesson 3.5 – Building Molecules Lesson 3.6 – Carbohydrates Lesson 3.7 – Lipids Lesson 3.8 – Nucleic Acids Lesson 3.9 – Proteins Lesson 3.10 – Enzymes

Lesson 3.5 Building Molecules Learning Goals I can identify the elements necessary for life as we know it. I can describe how macromolecules are built from monomers, and identify the monomers of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. I can explain the process of building and breaking down organic molecules, and explain how synthesis and digestion reactions occur.

Elements of Life Elements of Life 96% of living organisms are made of: CHONPS carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) sulfur (S) ha

Molecules of Life- Biomolecules Put C, H, O, N and P together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches fats (lipids) proteins nucleic acids DNA, RNA

ATP Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy calories to make ATP ATP

Don’t forget water Water Rest of you is made of carbon molecules 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids

Watch the video and answer the worksheet Biomolecules: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM

Compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms. Carbon Compounds Compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to other carbon atoms.

Characteristics of Carbon Include: Carbon forms strong and stable bonds. Carbon can form bonds with other ___________ as well as a variety of ____________ such as ______________________ _________________. carbon atoms other elements oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus Carbon can form chains that are almost unlimited in size. Carbon can form chains or rings.

Organic Compounds There are 4 major organic compounds that are important to humans: Macromolecules (giant molecules): Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Lesson 3.5 Building Molecules Learning Goals I can identify the elements necessary for life as we know it. I can describe how macromolecules are built from monomers, and identify the monomers of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. I can explain the process of building and breaking down organic molecules, and explain how synthesis and digestion reactions occur.

Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules = polymers

The four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: Macromolecules Many of the molecules in living cells are so ______ that they are known as _______________. This means “______________”. large macromolecules giant molecules The four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: Macromolecules are made from thousands of smaller molecules. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino acid – Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

Lesson 3.5 Building Molecules Learning Goals I can identify the elements necessary for life as we know it. I can describe how macromolecules are built from monomers, and identify the monomers of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. I can explain the process of building and breaking down organic molecules, and explain how synthesis and digestion reactions occur.

How to build large molecules Synthesis building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction ATP +

amino acids = building block protein = polymer Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction Small molecules are joined together to form larger molecules Energy is used Water is released

How to break large molecules Digestion taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions ATP +

Example of digestion STARCH/GLYCOGEN ARE DIGESTED TO GLUCOSE ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP Starch (glucose storage in plants) glucose Glycogen (glucose storage in animals) ATP STARCH/GLYCOGEN ARE DIGESTED TO GLUCOSE

Hydrolysis Reaction Small molecules are joined together to form larger molecules Energy is used Water is released

Unit 3 – Biochemistry Table of Contents Lesson 3.5 – Building Molecules Lesson 3.6 – Carbohydrates Lesson 3.7 – Lipids Lesson 3.8 – Nucleic Acids Lesson 3.9 – Proteins Lesson 3.10 – Enzymes

Lesson 3.6 Carbohydrates Learning Goal I can describe the structure and function of carbohydrates, and give examples of common forms.

Carbohydrates: QUICK Energy molecules HO CH2OH O QUICK Energy molecules The carbohydrates are known as the “quick energy” foods because they are very quickly converted to energy by the cells.

Carbohydrates Function: Examples quick energy Short term energy storage structure cell wall in plants Examples sugars starches cellulose (cell wall) glucose C6H12O6 sucrose starch

Structure of Carbohydrates C6H12O6 These compounds are made up of ___________________________ in a ratio of _____. carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 1:2:1 Look at the top picture. Count the number of carbon atoms you see. C6H12O6 Now count the number of hydrogen atoms you see. Finally, count the number of oxygen atom you see. What is the formula? C6H12O6 Now do the same thing for the bottom picture.

Sugars = building blocks Names for sugars usually end in glucose fructose sucrose maltose -ose OH H HO CH2OH O glucose C6H12O6 fructose maltose sucrose

The Sugars Carbohydrates are classified according to … the number of sugar molecules they contain. Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Disaccharides are composed of 2 molecules of sugar bonded together. Monosaccharides contain only one molecule of sugar. Polysaccharides are composed of many molecules of sugar bonded together.

Building carbohydrates Dehydration Synthesis: Also makes 1 H2O! monosaccharides disaccharide | Glucose 1 sugar | Fructose 1 sugar | Sucrose 2 sugars linked (table sugar)

BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides: = many sugars in a big molecule starch energy storage in plants potatoes glycogen energy storage in animals in liver & muscles cellulose structure in plants cell walls chitin structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton

Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest

Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well most carnivores cannot digest cellulose that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = roughage stays undigested keeps material moving in your intestines Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains = rigid & hard to digest The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores. Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant or a horse (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach) Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla.

Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Any Questions? www.thedjlinkdomain.co.uk

Unit 3 – Biochemistry Table of Contents Lesson 3.5 – Building Molecules Lesson 3.6 – Carbohydrates Lesson 3.7 – Lipids Lesson 3.8 – Nucleic Acids Lesson 3.9 – Proteins Lesson 3.10 – Enzymes

Lesson 3.7 Lipids Learning Goal I can describe the structure and function of lipids, and give examples of common types. I can compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats, and give examples of each type.

Lipids Concentrated long-term energy molecules swotti.com myspace.com notexactlyrocketscience.files.wordpress.com

Lipids Examples of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. These compounds are generally not soluble in water. Lipids contain the elements ______, ___________________, but not in the _____ ratio seen in the sugars. carbon hydrogen and oxygen 1:2:1 There are two building blocks of lipids: fatty acids and glycerol

Lipids Function: Long-term energy storage cell membrane nomoretreats.com Lipids Function: Long-term energy storage very concentrated twice the energy as carbohydrates! cell membrane cushions organs insulates body think whale blubber!

Molecular Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

Lesson 3.7 Lipids Learning Goal I can describe the structure and function of lipids, and give examples of common types. I can compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats, and give examples of each type.

Saturated fats Structure: Most animal fats all single bonds. Molecules stack neatly solid at room temperature Most animal fats Limit the amount in your diet contributes to heart disease deposits in arteries

Unsaturated fats Structure: Plant, vegetable & fish fats Double bonds cause bending the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together liquid at room temperature Plant, vegetable & fish fats Better, healthier choice in your diet!

Structure: Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Other lipids in biology Cholesterol good molecule in cell membranes make hormones from it including sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone but too much cholesterol in blood may lead to heart disease www.offthemarkcartoons.com

Good vs. Bad Cholesterol Total Cholesterol Levels < 200 LDL = BAD! Needs to be below 100 HDL = GOOD!! Needs to be 60 or above Triglycerides = BAD! Needs to be 150 or below Cholesterol Quiz http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3032767 Cholesterol Video 23:00 http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D0DC3225-D27A-4E3A-8CD0-7BCB3B1241A4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Other lipids in biology Cell membranes are made out of lipids phospholipids heads are on the outside touching water “like” water tails are on inside away from water “scared” of water forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

Phospholipids

Phospholipid Behavior Hydrophobic tails points away from water Hydrophilic heads point towards water.

Any Questions? to55er.wordpress.com

Unit 3 – Biochemistry Table of Contents Lesson 3.5 – Building Molecules Lesson 3.6 – Carbohydrates Lesson 3.7 – Lipids Lesson 3.8 – Nucleic Acids Lesson 3.9 – Proteins Lesson 3.10 – Enzymes

Lesson 3.8 Nucleic Acids Learning Goal I can describe the structure and function of nucleic acids, and give examples of common forms.

Nucleic acids: Information molecules

Nucleic Acids Examples DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RNA RiboNucleic Acid

Nucleic acids Building block = 5 different nucleotides nucleotides A = Adenine T = Thymine C = Cytosine G = Guanine U = Uracil 5 different nucleotides different nitrogen bases A, T, C, G, U sugar Nitrogen base Nucleotide Deoxyribose or Ribose phosphate

Nucleic Acids are nucleotide chains DNA RNA nucleotides chained into a polymer DNA double-stranded double helix A, C, G, T RNA single-stranded A, C, G, U

G A G C Weak Hydrogen bonds strong bonds 30.media.tumblr.com A C T G strong bonds Why do we need weak bonds between the base pairs? HY Structure of DNA 1:14 http://www.dnatube.com/group/dna_structure/?viewkey=a1a4f25f62e0eb5261ca&search_id=structure

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) Functions: genetic material stores information Genes (on chromosomes) blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation transfers information blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  protein proteins

What is the difference between DNA & Genes & Chromosomes? DNA folds into chromosomes. A gene is a section of a chromosome that controls the making of a specific protein. gene DNA folding to make Chromosomes 2:21 http://www.cells.de/cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellstruktur/Zellkern/DNA_condensation/Flash__C13105.htm

Unit 3 – Biochemistry Table of Contents Lesson 3.5 – Building Molecules Lesson 3.6 – Carbohydrates Lesson 3.7 – Lipids Lesson 3.8 – Nucleic Acids Lesson 3.9 – Proteins Lesson 3.10 – Enzymes

Lesson 3.8 Proteins Learning Goal I can describe the structure and function of proteins, and give examples of common forms.

Multipurpose molecules Proteins: Multipurpose molecules greatmusclebuildingworkouts.info

skin, hair, fingernails, claws pepsin gomuscles.net Examples of Proteins: muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws collagen, keratin pepsin digestive enzyme in stomach Insulin Hormone that controls blood sugar levels Hemoglobin Oxygen-carrying part of blood cells www.bottlebooks.com listsoplenty.com

Functions of Proteins: s2.hubimg.com Proteins perform many, many functions. Here are just a few… Hormones signals from one body system to another insulin Movement muscle Immune system protect against germs Enzymes help chemical reactions

Proteins O | H —C— || C—OH —N— Building block = amino acids – 20 different amino acids There are 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet… Can make lots of different words —N— H | —C— C—OH || O variable group

Proteins are amino acid chains amino acids chained into a polymer amino acid Each amino acid is different Some are hydrophilic, they ______ water & dissolve in it some are hydrophobic, they water & separate from it like fear

Water-fearing amino acids Hydrophobic (phobia = fear) “water fearing” amino acids try to get away from water in cell – but HOW? the protein folds!

Water-Loving amino acids Hydrophillic (phil = love) “water loving” amino acids try to stay in water in cell the protein folds!

3-D protein structure Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapes that’s what happens in the cell! Different shapes = different jobs growth hormone hemoglobin pepsin collagen

With Proteins… Its shape that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature” temperature pH (acidity) unfolded “denatured” folded

When Protein folding goes wrong… Sickle-cell anemia is due to a change in protein structure at the primary level. Once the change is made at the primary level it has an effect on all subsequent levels.