2. Regents Biology 2006-2007 The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

3. Regents Biology  96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) oxygen (O) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Elements of Life

4. Regents Biology Molecules of Life  Put C, H, N, O, P, S together in different ways to build living organisms  What are bodies made of?  carbohydrates  sugars & starches  Proteins(muscle)  fats (lipids)  nucleic acids  DNA, RNA

5. Regents Biology Why do we eat?  We eat to take in more of these chemicals  Food for building materials  to make more of us (cells)  for growth  for repair  Food to make energy  calories  to make ATP ATP

6. Regents Biology  Water  65% of your body is H 2 O  water is inorganic  doesn’t contain carbon  Rest of you is made of carbon molecules  organic molecules  carbohydrates  proteins  fats  nucleic acids Don’t forget water

7. Regents Biology 2006-2007 How do we make these molecules? We build them!

8. Regents Biology Building large molecules of life  Chain together smaller molecules  building block molecules = monomers  Big molecules built from little molecules  polymers

9. Regents Biology  Small molecules = building blocks  Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules

10. Regents Biology Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –

11. Regents Biology How to build large molecules  Synthesis  building bigger molecules from smaller molecules  building cells & bodies  repair  growth  reproduction + ATP

12. Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart  Digestion  taking big molecules apart  getting raw materials  for synthesis & growth  making energy (ATP)  for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

13. Regents Biology Example of digestion starchglucose ATP  Starch is digested to glucose

14. Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

15. Regents Biology Carbohydrates

16. Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars

17. Regents Biology sucrose Carbohydrates  Function:  quick energy  energy storage  structure  cell wall in plants  Examples  sugars  starches  cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

18. Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

19. Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is!

20. Regents Biology BIG carbohydrates  Polysaccharides  large carbohydrates  starch  energy storage in plants potatoes  glycogen  energy storage in animals in liver & muscles  cellulose  structure in plants cell walls  chitin  structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many

21. Regents Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

22. Regents Biology Carbohydrates

23. Regents Biology Proteins

24. Regents Biology Proteins  Function:  many, many functions  hormones  signals from one body system to another  insulin  movement  muscle  immune system  protect against germs  enzymes  help chemical reactions

25. Regents Biology collagen (skin) Proteins insulin Examples  muscle  skin, hair, fingernails, claws  collagen, keratin  pepsin  digestive enzyme in stomach  insulin  hormone that controls blood sugar levels pepsin

26. Regents Biology Proteins  Building block = amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – —N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O variable group amino acids  20 different amino acids There’s 20 of us… like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words

27. Regents Biology pepsin For proteins: SHAPE matters! collagen  Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape  that’s what happens in the cell!  Different shapes = different jobs hemoglobin growth hormone

28. Regents Biology It’s SHAPE that matters!  Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape  Unfolding a protein destroys its shape  wrong shape = can’t do its job  unfolding proteins = “denature”  temperature  pH (acidity) folded unfolded “denatured” In Biology, it’s not the size, it’s the SHAPE that matters!

29. Regents Biology Proteins

30. Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Lipids: Fats & Oils

31. Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Lipids  Examples  fats  oils  waxes  hormones  sex hormones  testosterone (male)  estrogen (female)

32. Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Lipids  Function:  energy storage  very concentrated  twice the energy as carbohydrates!  cell membrane  cushions organs  insulates body  think whale blubber!

33. Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Saturated fats  Most animal fats  solid at room temperature  Limit the amount in your diet  contributes to heart disease  deposits in arteries

34. Regents Biology 2003- 2004 Unsaturated fats  Plant, vegetable & fish fats  liquid at room temperature  the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together  Better choice in your diet

35. Regents Biology Lipids

36. Regents Biology Nucleic Acids Examples  DNA  DeoxyriboNucleic Acid  RNA  RiboNucleic Acid RNA

37. Regents Biology DNA Nucleic Acids  Function:  genetic material  stores information  genes  blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins  transfers information  blueprint for new cells  blueprint for next generation proteins

38. Regents Biology Nucleic acids  Building block = nucleotides  5 different nucleotides  different nitrogen bases  A, T, C, G, U nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide phosphate sugar N base Nitrogen bases I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

39. Regents Biology Nucleic Acids