1. Biochemistry
Carbon Compounds

2. Carbon Compounds
Macromolecules or “giant molecules” are made of thousands of smaller molecules
Formed from the process of polymerization in which smaller units, monomers, join together to form polymers

3. Dehydration synthesis- a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules bond by losing one or more water molecules.

4. Hydrolysis- a chemical reaction in which the interaction of water and a compound result in the breaking up of that compound.

5. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
In Biology, there are 4 important molecules for life, called biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

6. Made of: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
1. Carbohydrates
Made of: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio, ex. C6H12O6
Monomer: monosaccharides = 1 sugar
Examples: glucose, fructose and galactose
Polymer: polysaccharides= 2 or more sugars
Examples: cellulose, starch and glycogen

7. Carbohydrates in your Diet: Pasta, potatoes & breads

8. Functions:
Short-term energy
Structural Support
Cellulose (cell wall of plants)
Chitin (cell walls of fungi & exoskeleton of insects)
Energy storage
Starch (in plants)
Glycogen (for short-term energy storage of glucose in liver & muscle cells)

9. Iodine Test: Orangey-brown color of Iodine turns to Blue-black when reacting with starch
Benedict’s Test:
Blue reagent will turn to dark red or rusty-brown in the presence of a simple sugar such as glucose

10. 2. Lipids Made of: CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
Lipids can also contain phosphorus (phospholipid)
Lipids are NOT polymers (just a big, fat molecule)
They are not soluble in water
Examples:
Fats, oils & waxes

11. Fatty Acid Tail

12. Lipid structure: Triglyceride made of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
3 Fatty Acids
Glycerol

13. 2 Types of Fatty Acids
1. Saturated- have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
Ex. Most animal fats
room temperature
These should be limited in your diet

14. 2 Types of Fatty Acids
2. Unsaturated- a fat in which at least one double bond exists
Monounsaturated- one double bond
Polyunsaturated-more than one double bond
Ex. Plant, vegetable & fish fats
room temperature
These are a better choice in your diet because the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together

15. Functions of the lipids: Long-term energy (store energy for later)
Lipids contain more calories per gram (energy) compared to carbohydrates
Insulation
Protection
Prevent water loss
Hormones for sending chemical messages (steroids & testosterone)

16. Functions of the lipids: 6. Phospholipids make up cell membrane
Hydrophilic heads- water-loving (on the outside touching water)
Hydrophobic tails- water-fearing (on the inside away from water)
This helps form a barrier between the outside & inside of the cell

17. Brown Bag Test: Foods that contain lipids will leave a greasy mark that turns the paper bag translucent

18. 3. Proteins
Made of: CHON –
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Monomer: Amino Acid
20 different types depending on R-groups
Polymer: Polypeptide
Shape determines the protein’s function
Held together by hydrogen bonds called peptide bonds.

20. Functions:
Transport (hemoglobin)
Regulate organs (hormones)
Form muscles & bones
Structure of hair & nails (keratin)
Control chemical reactions (enzymes)
Fight disease (antibodies)

21. For proteins: SHAPE matters!
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs
growth hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen

22. Protein Structures The four protein structures are: Primary
Describes the unique order of the amino acids joined together to make the protein
Secondary
Refers to the coiling and folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape
Examples: alpha (α) helix and beta (β) pleated sheet
Tertiary
Comprehensive 3-D structure of the polypeptide
Quaternary
Refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

23. Protein Structures Primary Protein Structure:
Sequence of a chain of amino acids
Tertiary Protein Structure:
Occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets
Secondary Protein Structure:
Occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds
Quaternary Protein Structure:
A protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
Protein Structures

24. Biuret Solution: The peptide bonds in proteins bind with the copper ions in the Biuret reagent and produce a violet color

25. Sources of Protein
Meats, Beans, Nuts & Eggs

26. 4. Nucleic Acids
Made of: CHONP - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous
Monomers: Nucleotide (3 parts)
1. Sugar
2. Base
3. Phosphate group
Nucleotides are joined together by covalent/ phosphodiester bonds to form DNA & RNA

27. 2 types of Polymer: DNA and RNA

28. Function:
Stores & transmits genetic information