1. Biochem Organic Matter
What are living creatures made of ?
Why do we have to eat?
Have you ever wondered what happens to the food that you eat and do not flush down the toilet hours later… ????
Biochem Organic Matter
The Function behind Life

2. Elements of Life 96% of living organisms are made of: Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
And also …
Sulfur (S)
Phosphate (P)

3. Carbon is the “backbone” of life
All organic molecules …
have Carbon atoms as the basis of the molecule
Contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms
Are made by chemically bonding smaller molecules called subunits (building blocks)

4. The Carbon ATOM Carbon can from single, double and triple bonds.
Carbon has four places it needs to bond.

5. Molecules of Life What are bodies made of?
Carbohydrates
Sugars & starches
Proteins
Muscles, Enzymes, Hormones
Lipids
Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroids
Nucleic Acids
DNA, RNA
Putting C, H, O & N together in different ways builds living organisms.

6. Why do we eat ? We eat to take in more of those chemicals.
Food for building materials
To make more of us (cells)
For growth
For repair
Food to make energy
Calories
To make ATP

7. What do we need to eat?
Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy for building & running your body:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Nucleic Acids
Vitamins
Minerals, Salts
Water

8. Don’t Forget water..!! Water 75% of your body is H2O
Water is inorganic
Does NOT contain Carbon
Used in Hydrolysis & Dehydration synthesis

9. The rest of you… The rest of you is made out of carbon molecules:
Organic molecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Nucleic Acids
How do we make these molecules?
We build them
SYNTHESIS = to build !!

10. Building large Molecules of life
Chain together smaller molecules
Building block molecules
Monomers – single unit

11. Building large Molecules of life
Big molecules built from little molecules
Polymers – many Monomers (subunits) bonded together
The Polymer Party

12. Building large Molecules
Take Monomers (small molecules) = building blocks
… and bond them together to make a Polymer
This Process is called: Dehydration Synthesis
Monomers can be attached to each other by removing WATER.

13. Building important polymers
Carbohydrates
Built from sugars
Proteins
Built from amino acids (A-A)
Lipids
Built from hydrocarbon chains
Nucleic Acids (DNA)
Built from nucleotides

14. Building important polymers
Carbohydrates
Built from sugars
Proteins
Built from amino acids (A-A)
Lipids
Built from hydrocarbon chains
Nucleic Acids (DNA)
Built from nucleotides

15. How to build large molecules
Dehydration Synthesis = removing water
Building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
Building cells & bodies
Water is removed in between each monomer

16. How to take large molecules apart
Digestion (Hydrolysis): adding Water
Taking a BIG molecule apart
Getting raw material
Making energy (ATP)
Hydrolysis – adding water

17. Carbohydrates
The Engery Molecule

18. Carbohydrates
The Energy molecule
Building block molecule:
Sugars

19. Carbohydrate
Function:
Quick energy
Energy storage
Cell structure

20. Carbohydrates
Examples:
Sugars
Starches
Cellulose (cell wall)

21. Carbohydrates Names for sugars usually end in –ose Glucose Fructose
Sucrose
Maltose

22. Carbohydrates Building Carbohydrates Dehydrates Synthesis
removing water between Monomers

23. Carbohydrates BIG Carbohydrates Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
Energy storage in plants
Example; Potatoes
Glycogen
Energy storage in animals
Example: in liver and muscles
Cellulose
Structure in plants
Example: cell walls
Chitin
Structure in bugs & fungi
Example: Exoskeleton

24. Digesting starch vs. Cellulose
Starch – easy to digest
Cellulose – hard to digest

25. Cellulose Cell walls in plants Herbivores can digest cellulose
Most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
That’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
Cellulose = fiber

26. Helpful Bacteria How can cows digest cellulose?
Bacteria live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose- rich meals (grass)

27. Concentrated energy molecule
Lipids
Concentrated energy molecule

28. Lipids
Examples:
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Sex hormones
Testosterone
Estrogen

29. Lipids Function: Energy storage Cell membrane Cushions organs
Very concentrated
Twice the energy as carbohydrates!!
Cell membrane
Cushions organs
Insulates body

30. Lipids
BIG FAT Molecule
Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids

31. Making Lipids

32. Fats Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats most animal fats
Solid at room temperature
You should limit amount in diet
Causes heart disease
Deposits in arteries
Unsaturated Fats
plant, vegetable & fish fats
Liquid at room temperature
Better choice in diet

33. Multipurpose Molecule
Proteins
Multipurpose Molecule

34. Proteins Examples: Muscle Fingernails Skin Hair Enzymes Hormones
Pepsin
Hormones
Insulin

35. Proteins Function: Hormones Movement Immune system Enzymes Insulin
Growth hormone
Movement
Muscle
Immune system
Protect against germs
Enzymes
Helps chemical reactions

36. Proteins
Amino Acids are the building blocks

37. Proteins
Proteins fold and twist into 3-D shape

38. Proteins Destroying Proteins Unfolding proteins = “denature”
Temperature
pH (acidy)