Cultures in Conflict, Part 1 Unit 9 (Ch. 17, Section 1) Essential Questions: What were the effects of westward expansion on American Indians? Describe the significance of Quanah Parker. Main Idea: The Civil War was over, but conflict between Texans and American Indians on the western frontier escalated. Quanah Parker

American Indians Control the West By 1866 most American Indians had been removed from eastern Texas. However, many tribes still roamed west Texas. Federal soldiers left western Texas to fight in the Civil War, leaving the western regions vulnerable to attack. Settlers in West Texas were defenseless, and some moved east to safer areas.

Federal Soldiers Stationed West To prevent further attacks, federal soldiers were stationed in West Texas. Forts were built too far apart, and there were not enough soldiers to prevent Indian attacks. American Indians had advantages because they knew the territory.

The Search for Peace In 1867 the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek was signed. Native Americans agreed to live on reservations in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Many federal agents assigned by President Ulysses S. Grant were Quakers, who did not believe in violence. Quaker Lawrie Tatum, the lead agent in Indian Territory, worked to educate the Plains people in agriculture so they could live in the Anglo world. Lawrie Tatum

Herman Lehmann Chief Herman Lehmann before moving to Reservation… Civilian Herman Lehmann after move to Reservation…

The Peace Policy Fails Peace did not come to western Texas because many Native American leaders did not sign the Treaty at Medicine Lodge Creek. About ½ of the Comanches and many Kiowas refused to move to reservations.

Satanta, Kiowa Chief Insisted that West Texas belonged to the Comanches and Kiowas Known as the “Orator of the Plains” Believed that without the buffalo, they could not survive on reservations

Lone Wolf & Ten Bears Kiowa chief Lone Wolf called for war Ten Bears, a Comanche chief, argued that his people must be allowed to roam freely over the plains Lone Wolf Ten Bears

Quanah Parker, Last Comanche Chief Son of Comanche chief Peta Nocona and Anglo woman Cynthia Ann Parker Never lost a battle to the white man and never captured by the Army Spent 10 years trying to stop spread of Anglo settlements Surrendered to U.S. and willingly lead his tribe into white man’s culture since there was no alternative