1. FRONTIER CONFLICTS

2. TWO CULTURES CLASH Texans continue to move westward
Resentment from Natives
Way of life being destroyed, forced off land
Fought back
Federal troops withdrew at secession
No defense of the frontier
Settlers were easy targets

3. EARLY EFFORTS FOR PEACE
Western boundary
Red River to Rio Grande
Clay to Uvalde counties
37 counties
Raise militia companies
Protect residents from
Natives
Comanches & Kiowas
are greatest threat

4. EARLY EFFORTS FOR PEACE
Some Comanches and Kiowas agreed to peace treaty with Confederate government
Failed
Government not able to provide the agency to maintain peace
Some Natives did not feel bound to agreement
Raids continued

6. FRONTIER REGIMENT Confederate militia provided little protection
Lacked support and organization
Frontier Regiment – created in 1861; nine companies, 1000 rangers; patrolled frontier line
Under Colonel James M. Norris
Natives pushed frontier line back 50 to 100 miles
“Forting up”- Families seeking safety in family forts

7. CYNTHIA ANN AND QUANAH PARKER
Quanah Parker – Comanche leader, opposed Anglo American settlement
One of the most powerful leaders of his time
Cynthia Ann Parker – Quanah’s mother
Captured as a young child, raised by Comanches
Wife of Chief Peta Nocona; three children

8. A SECOND FRONTIER FORCE
J.E. McCord – took over Frontier Regiment 1863
Fixed system; helped but raids continued
Militia didn’t have enough weapons or ammo
Leadership was poor
General James W. Throckmorton
Took command of part of the militia

10. FIRST BATTLE OF ADOBE WALLS
1864; Comanches and Kiowas raided wagon trains supplying federal forces in New Mexico
300 federal Troops marched south to attack
Troops set up at Adobe Walls – abandoned trading post
More than 100 Natives killed/wounded
Troops withdrew – burning Kiowas lodges on the way and destroying food supplies
1865; Comanches and Kiowas signed a peace treaty (remained peaceful until the end of the war)